IN THE MATTER OF: NORTHERN GATEWAY JOINT REVIEW PANEL PROPONENT: NORTHERN GATEWAY PIPELINES INC. APPLICATION: NORTHERN GATEWAY PIPELINE PROJECT NEB FILE OF- FAC-OIL-N304-2010-01 01, FILED 27 MAY 2010 CERTIFICATE OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY HEARING ORDER OH-4-2011 WRITTEN EVIDENCE OF THE INTERVENOR COASTAL FIRST NATIONS December 21, 2011 Northern Gateway Joint Panel Review - CFN Written Evidence 1 NEB FILE OF-FAC-OIL-N304-2010-01 01 – Hearing Order OH-4-2011 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. 2 Part I, Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5 Coastal First Nations (CFN) ........................................................................................ 5 Declaration of First Nations of the North Pacific Coast .......................................... 5 CFN Members and Associates ................................................................................. 5 Location of CFN Members ...................................................................................... 6 Sustainable Eco-system Management...................................................................... 6 Aboriginal Rights and Title ......................................................................................... 7 Long-term Effects of an NGP oil Spill .................................................................... 8 Inadequate NGP Consultation.................................................................................. 8 Part II, Evidence with Respect to the Need for the Project ............................................. 9 Report Summary .......................................................................................................... 9 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 11 Part III, David Suzuki - Evidence on Aboriginal Perspectives on Development and Environment ................................................................................................................... 11 Relationship of Nature and Development .................................................................. 11 Relevance of Aboriginal peoples‟ views of the world ............................................... 11 Environmental Protection .......................................................................................... 12 Challenges Facing Decision-Makers ......................................................................... 13 Coastal First Nations and Sustainable Development ................................................. 14 Part IV, Evidence with Respect to Spill Prevention ...................................................... 14 Oil Spills are Inevitable ............................................................................................. 14 Measures Proposed by NGP to prevent Spills ........................................................... 15 Double Hull Tankers do Not Prevent Incidents ......................................................... 15 Limitations of Double Hull Tankers ...................................................................... 15 Double Hull Tanker Incidents ................................................................................ 15 Double Hull Tankers are Prone to Corrosion ........................................................ 16 Older Tankers have more Incidents ....................................................................... 20 Additional Redundancy Features Not proposed by NGP to Reduce Risk ............. 20 Inadequate Tanker Acceptance Program (TAP) Standards ....................................... 21 Standards ................................................................................................................ 21 Inspections ............................................................................................................. 22 Incidents are caused by Human Error ........................................................................ 23 Tanker Captains ..................................................................................................... 23 Incidents attributed to Human Error ...................................................................... 24 International Maritime Organization Recommendations ....................................... 24 Local Experts ......................................................................................................... 25 Need for Drug and Alcohol Testing....................................................................... 25 Weather Conditions affect Operational Safety .......................................................... 26 Expert Knowledge ................................................................................................. 26 Inadequate Measures to avoid Severe Weather Conditions in the OWA .............. 27 Marine Incidents and Weather ............................................................................... 28 Lack of Definition on Refuge Area Locations and Decisions on Use ................... 30 Northern Gateway Joint Panel Review - CFN Written Evidence 2 NEB FILE OF-FAC-OIL-N304-2010-01 01 – Hearing Order OH-4-2011 Pilots Do Not Eliminate the Risk of an Incident........................................................ 32 Dr. Gerald Graham................................................................................................. 32 Local Expertise ...................................................................................................... 32 Escort Tugs do not eliminate the risk of an incident ................................................. 32 Dr. Gerald Graham................................................................................................. 33 Local Expertise ...................................................................................................... 33 Fisheries Liaison Committee does not eliminate the risk of incidents ...................... 33 Part V, Evidence with Respect to Inadequate Spill Response ....................................... 33 Lessons from the Exxon Valdez ................................................................................ 34 Lessons from the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill ................................................... 35 Inadequate Canadian Preparedness ............................................................................ 37 Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development. ...................... 37 Analysis of Commissioner‟s Report ...................................................................... 38 Transport Canada and CCG Responses to Commissioner‟s Report ...................... 39 Recommendations of the Pacific States/BC Oil Spill Task Force ............................. 39 Use of Dispersants in Spill Clean Up ........................................................................ 44 Gulf Oil Disaster Recovery Group ........................................................................ 45 Ji Sayer, Oil Spill Truth, Dispersants & Dispersed Oil ......................................... 45 Part VI, Evidence with Respect to the Catastrophic Effects of an Oil Spill on the Marine Environment ...................................................................................................... 46 Ecological Damage .................................................................................................... 46 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill ................................................................................. 46 Exxon Valdez - Long-Term Effects ........................................................................... 48 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustees Council (EVOSC) ............................................. 48 Gail Irvine, a U.S. Geological Survey ................................................................... 49 Part VII, Evidence with Respect to Inadequate Assessment Methodology ................... 50 Lack of Baseline Information .................................................................................... 50 The Canadian Environmental Assessment Act ...................................................... 51 David Strong, former President of the University of Victoria ............................... 52 Dr. William Sawyer, American Board of Forensic Medicine ............................... 53 Congressional Research Service ............................................................................ 53 Inadequate Determination of Significance ................................................................. 54 CEAA Reference Guide ......................................................................................... 54 David Lawrence, Significance criteria ................................................................... 54 Inadequate Cumulative Effects Assessment .............................................................. 55 Part VIII, Evidence with Respect to an Inadequate Risk Assessment ........................... 56 Low Probability-High Impact Events ........................................................................ 57 Black Swan Events ................................................................................................ 57 Purpose of the Black Swan Thesis ......................................................................... 57 Characteristics of a Black Swan event ..................................................................