LA TRANSICIÓN DE LA FECUNDIDAD EN EL PAÍS VASCO DURANTE EL FRANQUISMO THE FERTILITY TRANSITION IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY DURING FRANCOIST REGIME TESIS DOCTORAL JOSU HERNANDO PÉREZ 2017 DIRECTORES: MANUEL GONZÁLEZ PORTILLA JOSÉ MARÍA BEASCOECHEA GANGOITI (cc)2017 JOSU HERNANDO PEREZ (cc by-nc 4.0) Tesis doctoral realizada gracias a una ayuda predoctoral del Gobierno Vasco. Programa de formación de personal investigador no doctor 2013. INDEX AGRADECIMIENTOS ................................................................................................................................ 4 INDEX OF TABLES, FIGURES AND MAPS ........................................................................................... 7 Index of tables .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Index of figures ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Index of maps ......................................................................................................................................... 12 PART I: Introductory aspects: sources, methodology, historical context and state of the art. 1- INITIAL QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 14 Why the fertility transition? ................................................................................................................... 14 Questions the topic rises, preliminary hypotheses ................................................................................. 15 Why Euskadi? ........................................................................................................................................ 16 Why study the Francoist period? ............................................................................................................ 19 What new insights can this thesis offer for history and demography? ................................................... 21 2-ASSESSMENT OF THE MAIN SOURCES OF INFORMATION ....................................................... 23 General summary of the sources used .................................................................................................... 23 The Historical Demography and Urban History research group and its “Basque Population Database” ............................................................................................................................................................... 24 The municipal list of inhabitants ............................................................................................................ 26 - The first Francoist list of inhabitants, 1940 .............................................................................. 29 - The list of inhabitants of 1960 ................................................................................................... 37 - The list of inhabitants of 1970 ................................................................................................... 41 2- The population census ....................................................................................................................... 44 3 – The Civil Registry ............................................................................................................................ 49 4- Additional sources of information employed..................................................................................... 53 3- METHODOLOGY EMPLOYED .......................................................................................................... 54 General methodology applied to the lists of inhabitants ........................................................................ 54 Specific methodology related to the study of fertility through the lists of inhabitants: .......................... 56 Methodology used with the censuses ..................................................................................................... 59 Main indexes employed ......................................................................................................................... 61 4 THE BASQUE COUNTRY IN THE 20th CENTURY, ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT. ..................................................................................................................................... 65 Areas, periods and main characteristics of the industrialisation process................................................ 65 Medium cities in Biscay: .................................................................................................................... 68 Medium cities in Gipuzkoa: ............................................................................................................... 69 Donostia and its area of influence, the “Donostialdea”: .................................................................. 70 The province of Álava: ....................................................................................................................... 72 1 Phases and characteristics of the industrialisation process ..................................................................... 72 The demographic transition in the Basque Country ............................................................................... 74 Demographic growth in the Basque Country during the industrialization: ...................................... 74 The demographic transition in the Basque Country .......................................................................... 84 5- DEMOGRAPHIC DYNAMICS, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND STATE OF THE ART ..... 90 Studies on the general demographic evolution....................................................................................... 90 Introduction: the transformation of human beings in the last two centuries ..................................... 90 The Demographic Transition Theory: ............................................................................................... 95 Criticisms to the DTT: ....................................................................................................................... 98 Fertility evolution, data and theories. ................................................................................................... 101 General data on the evolution of fertility: ....................................................................................... 101 European Fertility Project: ............................................................................................................. 103 The second demographic transition ................................................................................................. 103 The reproductive revolution theory ................................................................................................. 107 The Fertility Transition in Spain .......................................................................................................... 109 Spanish Demographic Dynamics: ................................................................................................... 109 Research about fertility in Spain ..................................................................................................... 113 Research on the role of the fertility transition in the Basque Country ............................................ 119 BLOQUE II: Estudio de la evolución de la fecundidad en el País Vasco durante el franquismo. 6- LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LA FECUNDIDAD EN EUSKADI A PARTIR DE LOS CENSOS .............. 129 Características de los datos censales: ................................................................................................... 129 Análisis de la fecundidad a través de los censos: ................................................................................. 131 7 - LA TRANSICIÓN DE LA FECUNDIDAD EN LOS PRIMEROS AÑOS DEL FRANQUISMO, 1940 .................................................................................................................................................................. 145 Donostia-San Sebastián ........................................................................................................................ 146 Situación demográfica ..................................................................................................................... 146 Evolución de la fecundidad: ............................................................................................................ 158 Bilbao ................................................................................................................................................... 170 Situación demográfica ..................................................................................................................... 170 Evolución de la fecundidad.............................................................................................................. 180 8- LA DÉCADA DE 1960 ....................................................................................................................... 189 Donostia-San Sebastián ........................................................................................................................ 190 Situación demográfica ..................................................................................................................... 190 Evolución de la fecundidad.............................................................................................................