May 2017 This page is intentionally left blank TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 Timing Goals ........................................................................................................................................ 1-1 Review of Signal Timing ................................................................................................................................ 1-2 2 Data Collection and Information Needed ............................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Data Collection .................................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Geometric Conditions ......................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.3 Volume Studies ................................................................................................................................... 2-2 Purpose......................................................................................................................................................... 2-2 Types ............................................................................................................................................................ 2-2 Counting Techniques .................................................................................................................................... 2-2 Counting Periods .......................................................................................................................................... 2-3 Turning Movement Counts .......................................................................................................................... 2-3 Lane Utilization Factor.................................................................................................................................. 2-7 2.4 Travel Time & Delay Studies ............................................................................................................... 2-7 Definitions .................................................................................................................................................... 2-7 Need for Travel Time or Delay Data ............................................................................................................. 2-8 Causes of Delay ............................................................................................................................................ 2-8 Methods for Obtaining Travel Time or Delay Data ...................................................................................... 2-8 Intersection Delay Studies ............................................................................................................................ 2-9 HCM Method for Direct Measurement of Prevailing Saturation Flow Rates............................................. 2-10 3 Local Intersection Concepts .................................................................................................. 3-1 3.1 Signal Timing Theory ........................................................................................................................... 3-1 Cycle Length ................................................................................................................................................. 3-1 3.2 Signal Timing Intervals and Splits ........................................................................................................ 3-3 3.3 Signal Timing and Phasing ................................................................................................................... 3-5 Controller Unit Timing .................................................................................................................................. 3-5 Control Concepts .......................................................................................................................................... 3-5 Traffic Signal Phasing .................................................................................................................................... 3-7 Ring and Barrier Structure ............................................................................................................................ 3-8 Dual Ring Control.......................................................................................................................................... 3-9 Single Ring (Sequential Phases) .................................................................................................................. 3-10 Multi-Rings and Barriers ............................................................................................................................. 3-10 Phasing Parameters .................................................................................................................................... 3-11 3.4 Emergency Vehicle Preemption (EVP) .............................................................................................. 3-19 Transit Signal Priority ................................................................................................................................. 3-20 3.5 Left Turn Phasing .............................................................................................................................. 3-20 Protected and Permissive Left Turn Phasing .............................................................................................. 3-21 Left Turn Phasing Sequence ....................................................................................................................... 3-21 3.6 Flashing Yellow Arrow Display .......................................................................................................... 3-24 3.7 Minnesota Flashing Yellow Arrow .................................................................................................... 3-24 Variable vs. Fixed Phasing Operation Signal Heads .................................................................................... 3-24 May 2017 Table of Contents Page | i MnDOT Traffic Signal Timing and Coordination Manual Use of the Flashing Yellow Arrow Signal Head ........................................................................................... 3-25 When Not to Operate a FYA Permissive Indication .................................................................................... 3-25 Flashing Yellow Arrow Technical Memorandum ........................................................................................ 3-28 3.8 Left Turn Trapping ............................................................................................................................. 3-31 Flashing Yellow Arrow and the Left Turn Trap............................................................................................ 3-33 3.9 Detection ........................................................................................................................................... 3-35 Detector Labeling and Phase Assignments ................................................................................................. 3-35 Assigning TS2 Type 1 Detector Numbers .................................................................................................... 3-36 Common Detector Functions ...................................................................................................................... 3-38 Summary of By Phase and By Detector Functions ...................................................................................... 3-39 Detector Modes .......................................................................................................................................... 3-39 Detection Design ......................................................................................................................................... 3-40 3.10 Measures of Effectiveness ................................................................................................................. 3-56 Degree of Saturation ................................................................................................................................... 3-56 Delay ........................................................................................................................................................... 3-57 HCM 2010 Notes ......................................................................................................................................... 3-59 Stops ........................................................................................................................................................... 3-59 Queuing ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-61 Fuel Consumption ....................................................................................................................................... 3-62 3.11 Critical Lane Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 3-63 Introduction 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