wh07_te_ch28_s04_ca_s.fm Page 440 Monday, October 24, 2005 4:41 PMwh07_se_ch28_s04_s.fm Page 440 Tuesday, July 12, 2005 10:22 AM In this propaganda Standards-Based image, children surround WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO SECTION Instruction a gentle Stalin. 4 The Heart of the Party On the occasion of Stalin’s sixtieth birthday, the Communist party newspaper, Pravda, or “Truth,” Standards-at-a-Glance printed this praise of Stalin: There is no similar name on the planet like the • History-Social Science “ 4 name of Stalin. It shines like a bright torch of free- Students have learned about Mussolini’s dom, it flies like a battle standard for millions of totalitarian state in Italy. In this section, they laborers around the world. Stalin is today’s will learn how Stalin gained and maintained Lenin! Stalin is the brain and heart of the party! control of the Soviet Union—disregarding Stalin is the banner of millions of people in any human costs. their fight for a better life.” • Analysis Skills Far from helping people fight for a better life, HI3 Students interpret past events and issues Stalin’s ruthless policies brought suffering and within the context in which an event death to millions of Soviets. unfolded rather than solely in terms of Focus Question How did Stalin transform the present-day norms and values. Soviet Union into a totalitarian state? • English-Language Arts Writing 2.3 The Soviet Union Under Stalin Prepare to Read L3 Build Background Knowledge In January 1924, tens of thousands of people lined up in Moscow’s Remind students that Lenin founded the Standards Preview historic Red Square. They had come to view the body of Lenin, who Soviet state, and after he died in 1924, H-SS 10.7.2 Trace Stalin’s rise to power in the Soviet had died a few days earlier. Lenin’s widow, Nadezhda Krupskaya, Stalin took power. Ask them to recall Union and the connection between economic policies, wanted to bury him simply next to his mother. Communist party political policies, the absence of a free press, and systematic what else they already know about Stalin. violations of human rights (e.g., the Terror Famine in officials—including Joseph Stalin—wanted to preserve Lenin’s Ukraine). body and put it on permanent display. In the end, Lenin’s body H-SS 10.7.3 Analyze the rise, aggression, and human was displayed in Red Square for more than 65 years. By preserv- Set a Purpose L3 costs of totalitarian regimes (Fascist and Communist) in Ger- ing Lenin’s body, Stalin wanted to show that he would carry on the ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection many, Italy, and the Soviet Union, noting especially their common and dissimilar traits. goals of the revolution. However, in the years that followed, he aloud or play the audio. used ruthless measures to control the Soviet Union and its people. AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Terms, People, and Places The Heart of the Party command economy russification collectives atheism A Totalitarian State Ask Based on clues in the image kulaks Comintern Karl Marx had predicted that under communism the state would and selection from Pravda, what Gulag eventually wither away. Under Stalin, the opposite occurred. He do you think the official view of socialist realism turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state controlled by a Stalin was? (He was to be viewed as powerful and complex bureaucracy. the ideal leader.) Ask students to specu- Reading Strategy: Identify Main Ideas Stalin’s Five-Year Plans Once in power, Stalin imposed govern- late what Soviets may have secretly Summarize the main points of the section in a ment control over the Soviet Union’s economy. In the past, said thought of him. chart like the one below. Stalin, Russia had suffered because of its economic backwardness. ■ Focus Point out the Section Focus The Soviet Union Under Stalin In 1928, he proposed the first of several “five-year plans” aimed at Question and write it on the board. building heavy industry, improving transportation, and increasing Tell students to refer to this question Five-Year Methods of Daily Life Plans Control farm output. He brought all economic activity under government as they read. (Answer appears with control. The government owned all businesses and distributed all Section 4 Assessment answers.) ■ Preview Have students preview the Section Standards and the list of Vocabulary Builder Terms, People, and Places. ■ Have students read this Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use words from this section. section using the Paragraph Shrinking Teaching Resources, Unit 3, p. 49; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, High-Use Words Definitions and Sample Sentences have students fill in the chart with the conform, p. 444 vi. to obey a set of standards main ideas about Stalin’s rule in the Elena hated plaid skirts but had to conform to the school’s mandatory dress code. Soviet Union. access, p. 446 n. a way of using Reading and Note Taking Because he worked in the principal’s office, he had access to all the students’ Study Guide, p. 117 records. 440 The Rise of Totalitarianism wh07_se_ch28_s04_s.fmwh07_te_ch28_s04_ca_s.fm Page 441 Wednesday, Page 441 July Monday, 13, 2005 October 12:37 PM 24, 2005 4:42 PM resources. The Soviet Union developed a command economy, in which government officials made all basic economic decisions. By contrast, in a Teach capitalist system, the free market determines most economic decisions. Pri- vately owned businesses compete to win the consumer’s choice. This compe- tition regulates the price and quality of goods. A Totalitarian State H-SS 10.7.2, 10.7.3 L3 Mixed Results in Industry Stalin’s five-year plans set high production goals, especially for heavy industry and transportation. The government Effects of the Five-Year Plans on Soviet Industry Instruct pushed workers and managers to meet these goals by giving bonuses ■ to those who succeeded—and by punishing those who did not. Between 20 Introduce: Key Terms Have students 1928 and 1939, large factories, hydroelectric power stations, and huge find the key term command economy 15 industrial complexes rose across the Soviet Union. Oil, coal, and steel (in blue) in the text. Point out that production grew. Mining expanded, and new railroads were built. 10 Stalin’s government took complete con- Despite the impressive progress in some areas, Soviet workers had lit- trol over of the Soviet Union’s economy; tle to show for their efforts. Some former peasants did become skilled fac- 5 in other words, it was the government of metric tons) tory workers or managers. Overall, though, the standard of living Output (in millions who “commanded” the economy. Then remained low. Central planning was often inefficient, causing shortages 0 ask students to explain the difference 1928 1933 1938 in some areas and surpluses in others. Many managers, Year between a command economy and a concerned only with meeting production quotas, turned Steel Brown Coal capitalist economy. out large quantities of low-quality goods. Consumer prod- SOURCE: B.R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistics, ■ ucts such as clothing, cars, and refrigerators were scarce. 1750–1970 Teach Ask students to list the goals of Wages were low and workers were forbidden to strike. The Stalin’s five-year plans. Then ask Why party restricted workers’ movements. did some peasants resist the collec- tivization plan? (They did not want to Forced Collectivization in Agriculture Stalin also give up their farms and sell crops at the brought agriculture under government control, but at a low prices set by the state.) How did horrendous cost. The government wanted farmers to pro- Stalin respond to this resistance? duce more grain to feed workers in the cities. It also hoped (He sent kulaks, or well-to-do farmers, to sell grain abroad to earn money. to labor camps and seized all grain, As you have read, under Lenin’s New Economic Plan leaving people to starve.) (NEP), peasants had held on to small plots of land. Many had prospered. Stalin saw that system as being inefficient ■ Quick Activity Direct students to the and a threat to state power. Stalin wanted all peasants to graph on the next page, Soviet Agricul- farm on either state-owned farms or collectives, large ture Output, 1928 and 1932, and have farms owned and operated by peasants as a group. On col- them answer the caption question. lectives, the government would provide tractors, fertiliz- Then ask What were the effects of ers, and better seed, and peasants would learn modern the collectivization plan on Soviet farm methods. Peasants would be permitted to keep their life? (Though it did not increase farm houses and personal belongings, but all farm animals and output, it increased Stalin’s control of implements were to be turned over to the collective. The the peasantry. It also led to the Terror state set all prices and controlled access to farm supplies. Famine.) Some peasants did not want to give up their land and sell their crops at the state’s low prices. They resisted col- lectivization by killing farm animals, destroying tools, and burning crops. Stalin was furious. He believed that kulaks, or wealthy farmers, were behind the resistance. He responded with brutal force. In 1929, Stalin declared his intention to “liquidate the kulaks as a class.” To this end, the government confiscated kulaks’ land and sent “Industrialism is the Path to Socialism” them to labor camps. Thousands were killed or died from overwork. As this 1928 poster proclaims, Stalin’s Even after the “de-kulakization,” angry peasants resisted by growing just government saw rapid industrialization as enough to feed themselves.