4. Rail Capacity

69719 Public Transport Capacity Analysis Procedures for Developing Cities Jack Reilly and Herbert Levinson September, 2011 World Bank, Transport Research Support Program, TRS With Support from UK Department for International Development 1 The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of a number of people in the development of this manual. Particular among these were Sam Zimmerman, consultant to the World Bank and Mr. Ajay Kumar, the World Bank project manager. We also benefitted greatly from the insights of Dario Hidalgo of EMBARQ. Further, we acknowledge the work of the staff of Transmilenio, S.A. in Bogota, especially Sandra Angel and Constanza Garcia for providing operating data for some of these analyses. A number of analyses in this manual were prepared by students from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. These include: Case study – Bogota Case Study – Medellin Simulation modeling Ivan Sanchez Carlos Gonzalez-Calderon Felipe Aros Vera Brian Maleck Michael Kukesh Sarah Ritter Platform evacuation Sample problems Vertical circulation Kevin Watral Caitlynn Coppinger Robyn Marquis Several procedures and tables in this report were adapted from the Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, published by the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Public Transport Analysis Procedures for Developing Cities 2Contents Acknowledgements..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. <a href="#3_0">Contents .......................................................................................................................................................</a><a href="#3_0">.</a><a href="#3_0">2 </a><a href="#5_0">List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................................</a><a href="#5_0">.</a><a href="#5_0">4 </a><a href="#7_0">List of Figure</a><a href="#7_0">s</a><a href="#7_0">.</a><a href="#7_0">.............................................................................................................................................</a><a href="#7_0">.</a><a href="#7_0">6 </a><a href="#8_0">1. Introductio</a><a href="#8_0">n</a><a href="#8_0">.</a><a href="#8_0">........................................................................................................................................</a><a href="#8_0">.</a><a href="#8_0">7 </a> <a href="#9_0">1.1. Objectives</a><a href="#9_0"> </a><a href="#9_0">....................................................................................................................................</a><a href="#9_0">.</a><a href="#9_0">8 </a><a href="#10_0">1.2. Audiences.....................................................................................................................................</a><a href="#10_0">.</a><a href="#10_0">9 </a><a href="#10_1">1.3. Application</a><a href="#10_1">s</a><a href="#10_1">.</a><a href="#10_1">................................................................................................................................</a><a href="#10_1">.</a><a href="#10_1">9 </a><a href="#11_0">1.4. Using</a><a href="#11_0"> </a><a href="#11_0">the Manua</a><a href="#11_0">l</a><a href="#11_0">.</a><a href="#11_0">......................................................................................................................</a><a href="#11_0">.</a><a href="#11_0">1</a><a href="#11_0">0 </a><a href="#12_0">1.5. Manual</a><a href="#12_0"> </a><a href="#12_0">Organization .................................................................................................................</a><a href="#12_0">.</a><a href="#12_0">1</a><a href="#12_0">1 </a> <a href="#13_0">2. Transit</a><a href="#13_0"> </a><a href="#13_0">Capacity, Quality, Service and Physical Desig</a><a href="#13_0">n</a><a href="#13_0">.</a><a href="#13_0">..................................................................</a><a href="#13_0">.</a><a href="#13_0">1</a><a href="#13_0">2 </a> <a href="#13_1">2.1. Transit</a><a href="#13_1"> </a><a href="#13_1">Capacit</a><a href="#13_1">y</a><a href="#13_1">.</a><a href="#13_1">........................................................................................................................</a><a href="#13_1">.</a><a href="#13_1">1</a><a href="#13_1">2 </a><a href="#13_2">2.2. Key</a><a href="#13_2"> </a><a href="#13_2">Factors Influencing Capacity..............................................................................................</a><a href="#13_2">.</a><a href="#13_2">1</a><a href="#13_2">2 </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#15_0">2.2.1. </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#15_0">Theoretical vs. Practical Operating Capacity.....................................................................</a><a href="#15_0">.</a><a href="#15_0">1</a><a href="#15_0">4 </a></li></ul><a href="#18_0">2.3. Quality</a><a href="#18_0"> </a><a href="#18_0">of Service ......................................................................................................................</a><a href="#18_0">.</a><a href="#18_0">1</a><a href="#18_0">7 </a><a href="#19_0">2.4. Relationship</a><a href="#19_0"> </a><a href="#19_0">Between Capacity, Quality and Cost ....................................................................</a><a href="#19_0">.</a><a href="#19_0">1</a><a href="#19_0">8 </a> <a href="#0_0">3. Bus</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">System Capacity.........................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">2</a><a href="#0_0">0 </a> <a href="#0_1">3.1. Introduction................................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_1">.</a><a href="#0_1">2</a><a href="#0_1">0 </a><a href="#0_2">3.2. Operating</a><a href="#0_2"> </a><a href="#0_2">Experience.................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_2">.</a><a href="#0_2">2</a><a href="#0_2">0 </a><a href="#0_3">3.3. Bus</a><a href="#0_3"> </a><a href="#0_3">Service Design Elements and Factors.................................................................................</a><a href="#0_3">.</a><a href="#0_3">2</a><a href="#0_3">0 </a><a href="#0_0">3.4. Overview</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">of Procedures.............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">2</a><a href="#0_0">4 </a><a href="#0_4">3.5. Operation</a><a href="#0_4"> </a><a href="#0_4">at Bus Stops...............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_4">.</a><a href="#0_4">2</a><a href="#0_4">7 </a><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_5">3.5.1. </a></li><li style="flex:1"><a href="#0_5">Berth (Stop) Capacity Under Simple Conditions...............................................................</a><a href="#0_5">.</a><a href="#0_5">2</a><a href="#0_5">8 </a></li></ul><a href="#0_6">3.6. Bus</a><a href="#0_6"> </a><a href="#0_6">Berth Capacity in More Complex Service Configuration</a><a href="#0_6">s</a><a href="#0_6">.</a><a href="#0_6">................................................</a><a href="#0_6">.</a><a href="#0_6">3</a><a href="#0_6">2 </a><a href="#0_7">3.7. Stop</a><a href="#0_7"> </a><a href="#0_7">Dwell Times and Passenger Boarding Time</a><a href="#0_7">s</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">...................................................................</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">3</a><a href="#0_7">5 </a><a href="#0_8">3.8. Clearance</a><a href="#0_8"> </a><a href="#0_8">Time ..........................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_8">.</a><a href="#0_8">3</a><a href="#0_8">7 </a><a href="#0_9">3.9. Calculation</a><a href="#0_9"> </a><a href="#0_9">Procedur</a><a href="#0_9">e</a><a href="#0_9">.</a><a href="#0_9">...............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_9">.</a><a href="#0_9">3</a><a href="#0_9">8 </a><a href="#0_10">3.10. </a><a href="#0_11">3.11. </a><a href="#0_12">3.12. </a><a href="#0_13">3.13. </a> <a href="#0_10">Vehicle Platooning.................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_10">.</a><a href="#0_10">3</a><a href="#0_10">9 </a><a href="#0_11">Vehicle Capacit</a><a href="#0_11">y</a><a href="#0_11">.</a><a href="#0_11">...................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_11">.</a><a href="#0_11">4</a><a href="#0_11">1 </a><a href="#0_12">Passenger Capacity of A Bus Line.........................................................................................</a><a href="#0_12">.</a><a href="#0_12">4</a><a href="#0_12">4 </a><a href="#0_13">Transit Operations At Intersections .......................................................................................</a><a href="#0_13">.</a><a href="#0_13">4</a><a href="#0_13">5 </a> <a href="#0_14">Curb Lane Operation......................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_14">.</a><a href="#0_14">4</a><a href="#0_14">5 </a> <a href="#0_7">Computing Bus Facility Capacit</a><a href="#0_7">y</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">.........................................................................................</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">4</a><a href="#0_7">8 </a><a href="#0_15">Median Lane Operation .........................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_15">.</a><a href="#0_15">4</a><a href="#0_15">8 </a><a href="#0_16">Capacity and Quality Reduction Due to Headway Irregularity .............................................</a><a href="#0_16">.</a><a href="#0_16">4</a><a href="#0_16">8 </a> <a href="#0_17">Capacity Reductio</a><a href="#0_17">n</a><a href="#0_17">.</a><a href="#0_17">.......................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_17">.</a><a href="#0_17">4</a><a href="#0_17">8 </a><a href="#0_18">Extended Wait Time Due to Headway Irregularity .......................................................</a><a href="#0_18">.</a><a href="#0_18">5</a><a href="#0_18">0 </a><a href="#0_19">Travel Times and Fleet Requirements ...........................................................................</a><a href="#0_19">.</a><a href="#0_19">5</a><a href="#0_19">1 </a> <a href="#0_7">Terminal Capacity..............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">5</a><a href="#0_7">4 </a> <a href="#0_14">3.13.1. </a> <a href="#0_7">3.14. </a><a href="#0_15">3.15. </a><a href="#0_16">3.16. </a> <a href="#0_17">3.16.1. </a><a href="#0_18">3.16.2. </a><a href="#0_19">3.16.3. </a><a href="#0_7">3.17. </a> <a href="#0_20">4. Rail</a><a href="#0_20"> </a><a href="#0_20">Capacit</a><a href="#0_20">y</a><a href="#0_20">.....................................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_20">.</a><a href="#0_20">6</a><a href="#0_20">3 </a> <a href="#0_21">4.1. Introduction................................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_21">.</a><a href="#0_21">6</a><a href="#0_21">3 </a>Public Transport Analysis Procedures for Developing Cities 3<a href="#0_22">4.2. Operating</a><a href="#0_22"> </a><a href="#0_22">Experience.................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_22">.</a><a href="#0_22">6</a><a href="#0_22">3 </a><a href="#0_23">4.3. Design</a><a href="#0_23"> </a><a href="#0_23">Considerations ...............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_23">.</a><a href="#0_23">6</a><a href="#0_23">3 </a><a href="#0_24">4.4. Overview</a><a href="#0_24"> </a><a href="#0_24">of Procedures.............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_24">.</a><a href="#0_24">6</a><a href="#0_24">5 </a><a href="#0_7">4.5. Line</a><a href="#0_7"> </a><a href="#0_7">Capacit</a><a href="#0_7">y</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">............................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">6</a><a href="#0_7">8 </a> <a href="#0_13">4.5.1. </a><a href="#0_25">4.5.2. </a> <a href="#0_13">General Guidance...............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_13">.</a><a href="#0_13">6</a><a href="#0_13">8 </a><a href="#0_25">Running Way Capacit</a><a href="#0_25">y</a><a href="#0_25">.</a><a href="#0_25">.....................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_25">.</a><a href="#0_25">6</a><a href="#0_25">8 </a> <a href="#0_26">4.6. Line</a><a href="#0_26"> </a><a href="#0_26">Passenger Capacit</a><a href="#0_26">y</a><a href="#0_26">.</a><a href="#0_26">...........................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_26">.</a><a href="#0_26">7</a><a href="#0_26">5 </a> <a href="#0_27">4.6.1. Passenger</a><a href="#0_27"> </a><a href="#0_27">Capacity ............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_27">.</a><a href="#0_27">7</a><a href="#0_27">6 </a><a href="#0_28">4.6.2...................................................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_28">.</a><a href="#0_28">7</a><a href="#0_28">6 </a> <a href="#0_0">5. Station</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">Platform and Access Capacity ..............................................................................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">7</a><a href="#0_0">9 </a> <a href="#0_7">5.1. Pedestrian</a><a href="#0_7"> </a><a href="#0_7">Flow Concepts..........................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">8</a><a href="#0_7">0 </a><a href="#0_29">5.2. Platform</a><a href="#0_29"> </a><a href="#0_29">Capacity ......................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_29">.</a><a href="#0_29">8</a><a href="#0_29">2 </a><a href="#0_30">5.3. Station</a><a href="#0_30"> </a><a href="#0_30">Emergency Evacuatio</a><a href="#0_30">n</a><a href="#0_30">.</a><a href="#0_30">.................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_30">.</a><a href="#0_30">8</a><a href="#0_30">3 </a><a href="#0_31">5.4. Level</a><a href="#0_31"> </a><a href="#0_31">Change System</a><a href="#0_31">s</a><a href="#0_31">.</a><a href="#0_31">..............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_31">.</a><a href="#0_31">8</a><a href="#0_31">5 </a> <a href="#0_7">5.4.1. </a><a href="#0_32">5.4.2. </a><a href="#0_33">5.4.3. </a> <a href="#0_7">Stairways............................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">8</a><a href="#0_7">6 </a><a href="#0_32">Escalator</a><a href="#0_32">s</a><a href="#0_32">.</a><a href="#0_32">..........................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_32">.</a><a href="#0_32">8</a><a href="#0_32">6 </a><a href="#0_33">Elevator Capacity...............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_33">.</a><a href="#0_33">8</a><a href="#0_33">7 </a> <a href="#0_30">5.5. Fare</a><a href="#0_30"> </a><a href="#0_30">Collection Capacity............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_30">.</a><a href="#0_30">8</a><a href="#0_30">8 </a><a href="#0_24">5.6. Station</a><a href="#0_24"> </a><a href="#0_24">Entrances .......................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_24">.</a><a href="#0_24">8</a><a href="#0_24">9 </a> <a href="#0_34">6. Bibliography......................................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_34">.</a><a href="#0_34">9</a><a href="#0_34">0 </a><a href="#0_0">Appendix A - Sample Bus Operations Analysis Problem</a><a href="#0_0">s</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">.......................................................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">9</a><a href="#0_0">3 </a><a href="#0_0">Appendix B - Sample Rail Operations Analysis Problems......................................................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">1</a><a href="#0_0">04 </a><a href="#0_0">Appendix C - Case Study Data Collection Procedures............................................................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">1</a><a href="#0_0">09 </a> <a href="#0_35">Data set #1 </a><a href="#0_35">– </a><a href="#0_35">Urban Rail Platform Capacity .......................................................................................</a><a href="#0_35">.</a><a href="#0_35">1</a><a href="#0_35">09 </a><a href="#0_7">Data set #2 </a><a href="#0_7">– </a><a href="#0_7">Vehicle Capacity (bus) ..................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">1</a><a href="#0_7">12 </a><a href="#0_7">Data set #3 </a><a href="#0_7">– </a><a href="#0_7">Vehicle Capacity (rail)...................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">1</a><a href="#0_7">14 </a><a href="#0_36">Data set #4 </a><a href="#0_36">– </a><a href="#0_36">Ticket Vending Machine Service Tim</a><a href="#0_36">e</a><a href="#0_36">.</a><a href="#0_36">........................................................................</a><a href="#0_36">.</a><a href="#0_36">1</a><a href="#0_36">14 </a><a href="#0_0">Data set #5 </a><a href="#0_0">– </a><a href="#0_0">Rail Station Dwell Time and Headway Distributio</a><a href="#0_0">n</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">....................................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">1</a><a href="#0_0">16 </a><a href="#0_0">Data set #6 </a><a href="#0_0">– </a><a href="#0_0">Passenger Service Times at Rail Station</a><a href="#0_0">s</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">.....................................................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">1</a><a href="#0_0">18 </a><a href="#0_12">Data set #7 </a><a href="#0_12">– </a><a href="#0_12">Bus Station Dwell Time Distribution ............................................................................</a><a href="#0_12">.</a><a href="#0_12">1</a><a href="#0_12">20 </a><a href="#0_0">Data Set #8 Passenger Service Times at Bus Stops.............................................................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">1</a><a href="#0_0">22 </a> <a href="#0_7">Appendix D </a><a href="#0_7">– </a><a href="#0_7">Rail Station Evacuation Analysis Exampl</a><a href="#0_7">e</a><a href="#0_7">......................................................................</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">1</a><a href="#0_7">25 </a> <a href="#0_37">1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_37">.</a><a href="#0_37">1</a><a href="#0_37">25 </a><a href="#0_38">2. Computation</a><a href="#0_38"> </a><a href="#0_38">of Design Loa</a><a href="#0_38">d</a><a href="#0_38">.</a><a href="#0_38">......................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_38">.</a><a href="#0_38">1</a><a href="#0_38">26 </a> <a href="#0_39">2.1. Awaiting</a><a href="#0_39"> </a><a href="#0_39">Passengers ............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_39">.</a><a href="#0_39">1</a><a href="#0_39">26 </a><a href="#0_17">2.2. Arriving</a><a href="#0_17"> </a><a href="#0_17">Passengers .............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_17">.</a><a href="#0_17">1</a><a href="#0_17">26 </a><a href="#0_40">2.3. Total</a><a href="#0_40"> </a><a href="#0_40">Design Load................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_40">.</a><a href="#0_40">1</a><a href="#0_40">27 </a> <a href="#0_19">3. Test</a><a href="#0_19"> </a><a href="#0_19">1- Platform Evacuation Assessment.....................................................................................</a><a href="#0_19">.</a><a href="#0_19">1</a><a href="#0_19">27 </a><a href="#0_41">4. Test</a><a href="#0_41"> </a><a href="#0_41">2 - Station Evacuation Assessment ......................................................................................</a><a href="#0_41">.</a><a href="#0_41">1</a><a href="#0_41">27 </a> <a href="#0_42">4.1. Walking</a><a href="#0_42"> </a><a href="#0_42">Time ......................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_42">.</a><a href="#0_42">1</a><a href="#0_42">27 </a><a href="#0_43">4.2. Waiting</a><a href="#0_43"> </a><a href="#0_43">Time .......................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_43">.</a><a href="#0_43">1</a><a href="#0_43">28 </a>Public Transport Analysis Procedures for Developing Cities 4List of Tables <a href="#14_0">Table 2-1 Summary of Transit Vehicle and Passenger Capacity Estimate................................................</a><a href="#14_0">.</a><a href="#14_0">1</a><a href="#14_0">3 </a><a href="#0_44">Table 3-1 Hourly Passenger Volumes of High Capacity Bus Transit Systems in the Developing World.</a><a href="#0_44">.</a><a href="#0_44">2</a><a href="#0_44">1 </a><a href="#0_7">Table 3-2 - Transit Design Elements and Their Effect on Capacit</a><a href="#0_7">y</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">.........................................................</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">2</a><a href="#0_7">3 </a><a href="#0_20">Table 3-3 Capacity Assessment of Existing BRT Line .............................................................................</a><a href="#0_20">.</a><a href="#0_20">2</a><a href="#0_20">5 </a><a href="#0_7">Table 3-4 Capacity Assessment of a Proposed BRT Line .........................................................................</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">2</a><a href="#0_7">6 </a><a href="#0_7">Table 3-5 Z-statistic Associated with Stop Failure Rates ..........................................................................</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">2</a><a href="#0_7">9 </a><a href="#0_45">Table 3-6 Bus Berth Capacity (uninterrupted flow) for a Station with a Single Bert</a><a href="#0_45">h</a><a href="#0_45">.</a><a href="#0_45">.............................</a><a href="#0_45">.</a><a href="#0_45">3</a><a href="#0_45">0 </a><a href="#0_46">Table 3-7 Actual Effectiveness of Bus Berth</a><a href="#0_46">s</a><a href="#0_46">.</a><a href="#0_46">..........................................................................................</a><a href="#0_46">.</a><a href="#0_46">3</a><a href="#0_46">1 </a><a href="#0_47">Table 3-8 Service Variability Levels .........................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_47">.</a><a href="#0_47">3</a><a href="#0_47">3 </a><a href="#0_48">Table 3-9 Bus Berth Capacity (uninterrupted flow) for a Station with a Single Bert</a><a href="#0_48">h</a><a href="#0_48">.</a><a href="#0_48">.............................</a><a href="#0_48">.</a><a href="#0_48">3</a><a href="#0_48">4 </a><a href="#0_49">Table 3-10 Passenger Service Times (sec./pass.) ......................................................................................</a><a href="#0_49">.</a><a href="#0_49">3</a><a href="#0_49">5 </a><a href="#0_50">Table 3-11 Stop Dwell Time </a><a href="#0_50">– </a><a href="#0_50">Bogota Transmilenio................................................................................</a><a href="#0_50">.</a><a href="#0_50">3</a><a href="#0_50">7 </a><a href="#0_51">Table 3-12 Re-entry Time..........................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_51">.</a><a href="#0_51">3</a><a href="#0_51">8 </a><a href="#0_52">Table 3-13 Stop Capacity for Multiple Berth Stops at Various Dwell Time Levels .................................</a><a href="#0_52">.</a><a href="#0_52">4</a><a href="#0_52">1 </a><a href="#0_53">Table 3-14 Typical Bus Models in Pakistan ..............................................................................................</a><a href="#0_53">.</a><a href="#0_53">4</a><a href="#0_53">1 </a><a href="#0_54">Table 3-15 Urban Bus and Rail Loading Standards...................................................................................</a><a href="#0_54">.</a><a href="#0_54">4</a><a href="#0_54">2 </a><a href="#0_55">Table 3-16 Bus Vehicle Capacity ..............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_55">.</a><a href="#0_55">4</a><a href="#0_55">3 </a><a href="#0_56">Table 3-17 Lost Time Per Cycle Due to Right Turn-Pedestrian Conflict</a><a href="#0_56">s</a><a href="#0_56">.</a><a href="#0_56">...............................................</a><a href="#0_56">.</a><a href="#0_56">4</a><a href="#0_56">6 </a><a href="#0_43">Table 3-18 Bus Stop Location Correction Factor ......................................................................................</a><a href="#0_43">.</a><a href="#0_43">4</a><a href="#0_43">7 </a><a href="#0_3">Table 3-19 Right Turn Curb Lane Vehicle Capacities...............................................................................</a><a href="#0_3">.</a><a href="#0_3">4</a><a href="#0_3">7 </a><a href="#0_57">Table 3-20 BRT Headway Variation - Jinan, Chin</a><a href="#0_57">a</a><a href="#0_57">.</a><a href="#0_57">.................................................................................</a><a href="#0_57">.</a><a href="#0_57">4</a><a href="#0_57">9 </a><a href="#0_58">Table 3-21 Z-statistic for One-Tailed Test ................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_58">.</a><a href="#0_58">5</a><a href="#0_58">3 </a><a href="#0_7">Table 3-22</a><a href="#0_7"> </a><a href="#0_7">Approximate Capacity of Single Berth, with Queuing Are</a><a href="#0_7">a</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">.................................................</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">5</a><a href="#0_7">5 </a><a href="#0_0">Table 3-23</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">Approximate Capacity of Single Berth, with Queuing Are</a><a href="#0_0">a</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">.................................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">5</a><a href="#0_0">6 </a><a href="#0_0">Table 3-24</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">Approximate Capacity of Single Berth, Without</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">Queuing Are</a><a href="#0_0">a</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">..........................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">5</a><a href="#0_0">7 </a><a href="#0_0">Table 3-25</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">Approximate Capacity of Single Berth, Without</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">Queuing Are</a><a href="#0_0">a</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">..........................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">5</a><a href="#0_0">8 </a><a href="#0_0">Table 3-26</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">Approximate Capacity of Double Berth, With</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">Queuing Area...............................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">5</a><a href="#0_0">9 </a><a href="#0_0">Table 3-27</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">Approximate Capacity of Double Berth, With Queuing Area................................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">6</a><a href="#0_0">0 </a><a href="#0_0">Table 3-28</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">Approximate Capacity of Double Berth, Without Queuing Area ..........................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">6</a><a href="#0_0">1 </a><a href="#0_0">Table 3-29</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">Approximate Capacity of Double Berth, Without Queuing Area ..........................................</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">6</a><a href="#0_0">2 </a><a href="#0_59">Table 4-1 Hourly Passenger Volume of Rail Transit Systems in the Developing World..........................</a><a href="#0_59">.</a><a href="#0_59">6</a><a href="#0_59">4 </a><a href="#0_60">Table 4-2 General Capacity Analysis Procedures - Existing Rail Lin</a><a href="#0_60">e</a><a href="#0_60">.</a><a href="#0_60">....................................................</a><a href="#0_60">.</a><a href="#0_60">6</a><a href="#0_60">5 </a><a href="#0_61">Table 4-3 Capacity Assessment Procedure of Proposed Rail Lin</a><a href="#0_61">e</a><a href="#0_61">.</a><a href="#0_61">...........................................................</a><a href="#0_61">.</a><a href="#0_61">6</a><a href="#0_61">6 </a><a href="#0_33">Table 4-4 Components of Minimum Train Separation Time.....................................................................</a><a href="#0_33">.</a><a href="#0_33">7</a><a href="#0_33">4 </a><a href="#0_62">Table 4-5 Maximum Train Layover...........................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_62">.</a><a href="#0_62">7</a><a href="#0_62">5 </a><a href="#0_63">Table 4-6 Train Capacity ...........................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_63">.</a><a href="#0_63">7</a><a href="#0_63">7 </a><a href="#0_64">Table 4-7 Train Car Capacity.....................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_64">.</a><a href="#0_64">7</a><a href="#0_64">8 </a><a href="#0_65">Table 5-1 Elements of Passenger Flow in a Train Statio</a><a href="#0_65">n</a><a href="#0_65">.</a><a href="#0_65">........................................................................</a><a href="#0_65">.</a><a href="#0_65">7</a><a href="#0_65">9 </a><a href="#0_7">Table 5-2 Pedestrian Level of Service .......................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_7">.</a><a href="#0_7">8</a><a href="#0_7">2 </a><a href="#0_66">Table 5-3 Emergency Exit Capacities and Speeds.....................................................................................</a><a href="#0_66">.</a><a href="#0_66">8</a><a href="#0_66">4 </a><a href="#0_67">Table 5-4 Effective Width of Emergency Exit Types................................................................................</a><a href="#0_67">.</a><a href="#0_67">8</a><a href="#0_67">5 </a><a href="#0_68">Table 5-5 Stairway Flow Capacity.............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_68">.</a><a href="#0_68">8</a><a href="#0_68">6 </a><a href="#0_69">Table 5-6 Escalator Capacit</a><a href="#0_69">y</a><a href="#0_69">.</a><a href="#0_69">....................................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_69">.</a><a href="#0_69">8</a><a href="#0_69">6 </a><a href="#0_70">Table 5-7 Elevator Cab Capacities.............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_70">.</a><a href="#0_70">8</a><a href="#0_70">7 </a>

4. Rail Capacity

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