69719 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Transport Capacity Analysis Procedures for Developing Cities Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Jack Reilly and Herbert Levinson September, 2011 World Bank, Transport Research Support Program, TRS Public Disclosure Authorized With Support from UK Department for International Development 1 The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of a number of people in the development of this manual. Particular among these were Sam Zimmerman, consultant to the World Bank and Mr. Ajay Kumar, the World Bank project manager. We also benefitted greatly from the insights of Dario Hidalgo of EMBARQ. Further, we acknowledge the work of the staff of Transmilenio, S.A. in Bogota, especially Sandra Angel and Constanza Garcia for providing operating data for some of these analyses. A number of analyses in this manual were prepared by students from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. These include: Case study – Bogota Ivan Sanchez Case Study – Medellin Carlos Gonzalez-Calderon Simulation modeling Felipe Aros Vera Brian Maleck Michael Kukesh Sarah Ritter Platform evacuation Kevin Watral Sample problems Caitlynn Coppinger Vertical circulation Robyn Marquis Several procedures and tables in this report were adapted from the Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, published by the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Public Transport Analysis Procedures for Developing Cities 2 Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Contents ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ 4 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Audiences ...................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3. Applications .................................................................................................................................. 9 1.4. Using the Manual ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.5. Manual Organization .................................................................................................................. 11 2. Transit Capacity, Quality, Service and Physical Design .................................................................... 12 2.1. Transit Capacity .......................................................................................................................... 12 2.2. Key Factors Influencing Capacity ............................................................................................... 12 2.2.1. Theoretical vs. Practical Operating Capacity ...................................................................... 14 2.3. Quality of Service ....................................................................................................................... 17 2.4. Relationship Between Capacity, Quality and Cost ..................................................................... 18 3. Bus System Capacity .......................................................................................................................... 20 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 20 3.2. Operating Experience .................................................................................................................. 20 3.3. Bus Service Design Elements and Factors .................................................................................. 20 3.4. Overview of Procedures .............................................................................................................. 24 3.5. Operation at Bus Stops ................................................................................................................ 27 3.5.1. Berth (Stop) Capacity Under Simple Conditions ................................................................ 28 3.6. Bus Berth Capacity in More Complex Service Configurations .................................................. 32 3.7. Stop Dwell Times and Passenger Boarding Times ..................................................................... 35 3.8. Clearance Time ........................................................................................................................... 37 3.9. Calculation Procedure ................................................................................................................. 38 3.10. Vehicle Platooning .................................................................................................................. 39 3.11. Vehicle Capacity ..................................................................................................................... 41 3.12. Passenger Capacity of A Bus Line .......................................................................................... 44 3.13. Transit Operations At Intersections ........................................................................................ 45 3.13.1. Curb Lane Operation ....................................................................................................... 45 3.14. Computing Bus Facility Capacity ........................................................................................... 48 3.15. Median Lane Operation .......................................................................................................... 48 3.16. Capacity and Quality Reduction Due to Headway Irregularity .............................................. 48 3.16.1. Capacity Reduction ......................................................................................................... 48 3.16.2. Extended Wait Time Due to Headway Irregularity ........................................................ 50 3.16.3. Travel Times and Fleet Requirements ............................................................................ 51 3.17. Terminal Capacity ............................................................................................................... 54 4. Rail Capacity ...................................................................................................................................... 63 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 63 Public Transport Analysis Procedures for Developing Cities 3 4.2. Operating Experience .................................................................................................................. 63 4.3. Design Considerations ................................................................................................................ 63 4.4. Overview of Procedures .............................................................................................................. 65 4.5. Line Capacity .............................................................................................................................. 68 4.5.1. General Guidance ................................................................................................................ 68 4.5.2. Running Way Capacity ....................................................................................................... 68 4.6. Line Passenger Capacity ............................................................................................................. 75 4.6.1. Passenger Capacity ............................................................................................................. 76 4.6.2. ................................................................................................................................................... 76 5. Station Platform and Access Capacity ............................................................................................... 79 5.1. Pedestrian Flow Concepts ........................................................................................................... 80 5.2. Platform Capacity ....................................................................................................................... 82 5.3. Station Emergency Evacuation ................................................................................................... 83 5.4. Level Change Systems ................................................................................................................ 85 5.4.1. Stairways ............................................................................................................................. 86 5.4.2. Escalators ............................................................................................................................ 86 5.4.3. Elevator Capacity ...............................................................................................................