A GUIDE TO POLITICAL PARTY MANAGEMENT IN KENYA A GUIDE TO POLITICAL PARTY MANAGEMENT IN KENYA 1 A Guide To Political Party Management In Kenya Published by: Kristelig Folkeparti P.O Box 478 Sentrum 0105 Oslo, Norway Telephone: +47 23202800 Fax: +47 23102810 http://www.krf.no/ This Handbook was published with the aid of The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) Published 2013 2 A Guide To Political Party Management In Kenya C Table of Contents Smooth-Running Machinery - Making Political Parties Work 5 1. Historical Context of Political Parties in Kenya 7 1.1 Role of Political Parties in Governance 7 1.2 Evolution of Political Parties in Kenya 8 2. Constitutional and Legal Framework 10 2.1 Regulating Political Parties 10 2.2 National Laws 10 2.3 Party Internal Rules and Regulations 14 3. Developing a Party Identity 15 3.1 Overview 15 3.2 Party Name, Symbols, Slogans and Colour 16 3.3 Ideologies, Values and Principles 17 3.4 Additional Organizing Concepts for Parties in Africa 21 4. Policy Development 24 4.1 Why Policies Matter 24 4.2 Policy Making in Between Elections 25 4.3 Legal Requirements Related to Policy Development 26 4.4 Process of Policy Development 27 4.5 Policy-Making at All Levels 28 4.6 Relevance 30 4.7 How to Involve Members and Party Branches 30 4.8 Parallel Training and Policy-Making 31 5. Party Management & Organization 32 5.1. Dynamics that Influence Party Management & Organization 32 5.2 Party Structures 32 5.3 Party Secretariat 35 5.4 Research and Training 37 3 A Guide To Political Party Management In Kenya 5.5 Administration and Management 37 5.6 Party Branch Organs 38 5.7 Membership Recruitment & Retention 38 5.8 Leadership and Mentorship 39 5.9 Party Cooperation and Coalition Building 40 5.10 Funding for Political Parties 41 6 Communication Mechanisms 43 6.1 Overview 43 6.2 Internal Communication 43 6.3 External Communication 45 6.4 Using Different Communication Channels 46 7 Party Campaigns & Elections 48 7.1 Party Campaigns 48 7.2 Internal Party Elections and Party Nominations 52 8 Conclusion 55 4 A Guide To Political Party Management In Kenya Smooth-Running Machinery - Making Political Parties Work When National Democratic Institute (NDI) approached our party with the request from Kenyan parties to contribute with practical experiences on how to build and maintain strong political organizations, we felt both honored and humbled at the same time. Honored, because of the possibility to assist in strengthening Kenyan democracy, one of the key factors to peaceful development in the country, in the East Africa region, and on the African continent as a whole. Humbled, because the task of assisting in developing effective and strong political parties is challenging. In the same way, that well-functioning democracies demand converg- ing and determined action from all actors in society, well-functioning political parties require coordinated and unwavering effort from leaders at all organizational levels. Leading up to, and following, the time we started our cooperation in 2011, Kenya’s young multiparty democ- racy has made giant steps forward. It is with great hope and expectation that we see the determination of our Kenyan colleagues in making sure that political parties meet the high standard of democratic and profes- sional operation expected of them by the citizenry. Our three years of cooperation with the Kenyan political parties has focused on joint discussions and experience sharing on how best to achieve this goal. This guide provides some of the main ideas and conclusions from those discussions. There are many national and international actors targeting improvements in various aspects of Kenyan gov- ernance. Consequently, making sure activities are breaking new ground must be an important part of any project. In cooperation with NDI and our Kenyan colleagues, we identified early on political party administra- tion as a potential area of focus. Therefore, a major objective in our cooperation has been to find ways of improving and strengthening the secretariats of the parties. Staff at national and county level are crucial in facilitating a smooth-running political party while working towards steady, long-term organizational growth. The administrators, advisors, and secretaries can be the oil needed to make the machinery of political activi- ties and leaders work together towards common goals. Even though we have 80 years of experience in running a political party in Norway, we do not know Kenya and are therefore dependent on tapping into the knowledge of others. We are grateful to our Kenyan col- leagues in the secretariats of various political parties for their interest in discussions based on experiences from the Norwegian context. It is always good to be able to meet as colleagues across borders and feel a 5 A Guide To Political Party Management In Kenya common love for political party work and its potential to be an avenue for citizen involvement in public governance. Thankfully, we have not been alone in realizing the cooperation and this handbook. The initiative, advice, and assistance of John Lovdal, former NDI Kenya Resident Program Director, provided the critical link between the Norwegian and Kenyan contexts to ensure understanding across borders. We are also grateful to the rest of the staff at NDI; they have been crucial to our whole project, particularly in putting together this handbook. The ongoing activities between NDI and political parties have contributed in creating the basis for multi-party activities aimed at solving mutual problems and challenges that political parties in Kenya are facing. We have experienced a very impressive openness and willingness to cooperate across party lines first-hand during our discussions. We hope this handbook can contribute in the processes of further improving that cross-party determination to develop our political party organizations. In creating this handbook, we are grateful to have acquired the services of Dr. Collins Odote. His academic ex- perience and detailed knowledge of Kenyan society has been determinant in making this guide possible. We are also grateful to the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Norwegian Agency for Development Coop- eration (NORAD) for the financial support necessary for the cooperation and the production of this handbook. Alf Rose Soergaarden Andreas Haug Loeland Head of Policy, KrF International Secretary, KrF 6 A Guide To Political Party Management In Kenya 1 Historical Context of Political Parties in Kenya 1.1 Role of Political Parties in Governance The history of democratic development in Kenya is closely linked to that of political parties. During the strug- gle for independence, parties played a major role in mobilizing citizens to fight against the oppressive policies of the colonial authorities. Since independence, parties have continued to play roles, including promoting national unity. In all the roles that parties play, a central theme is the contribution they make to the country’s governance. To be able to perform their roles, parties need to have organized structures, to recruit members, to raise resources for their operations, to choose their leaders, and to have procedures for internal governance. While the main role of political parties is to provide an avenue for competing for and acquiring power, other roles straddle the electoral, legislative, executive, and administrative functions of government once in power. The functions that parties play in a democracy include acting as: An avenue for mobilization of citizens to participate in politics: While in many countries, including Kenya, provisions exist for independent candidates, political parties still provide the main avenue through which citizens are mobilized and encouraged in a structured manner to participate in political processes. The main legal means through which political power is contested and won: In this role, parties play the role of selecting, and offering for leadership, candidates that campaign; and, if successful, these par- ties form government and help manage the country and its affairs. Interest aggregators: Political parties provide a platform for various interests and views of citizens to be brought together, organized, and—on some coherent basis, like an ideology—put forward as ideas for the management of society. Leadership nurseries: Political parties help identify and nurture the next generation of leaders. As fora for conflict resolution: Political parties serve as the medium through which there are peaceful and organized contests over ideas, ideologies, and policies, avoiding violence and war. A key channel for democratic accountability: Once government is established, political parties play a key role in parliament. In Kenya, through the existence of the parliamentary groups and the offices of the 7 A Guide To Political Party Management In Kenya leaders of the Majority and Minority, political parties carry out important parliamentary business, including law-making and oversight. While elections are the primary accountability mechanism, political parties repre- sented in the parliament play and important role in holding the government to account. Thus, although citizens often complain about the state of organization and accountability within political parties, they are an essential cog in the democratic wheel of a country, and more attention should be paid to their management in order to improve the country’s democratic development. 1.2 Evolution of Political Parties in Kenya While formal political party institutions—in their modern and current form—emerged only a few years before independence, political organization in Kenya is much older. The struggle for political liberation and the fight against colonial policies with special focus on land, labour, and taxation gained impetus in the early 1920s, following the transformation of Kenya into a colony and formal control of land in Kenya taken over by the white settlers and the colonial government. Following the Devonshire White Paper of 1920 that called for land reform, political groupings emerged in the form of welfare associations with the notable ones being the Young Kavirondo Taxpayers’ Association and the Kikuyu Central Association.