SINOPHONE STUDIES Global Chinese Culture GLOBAL CHINESE CULTURE David Der-wei Wang, Editor Michael Berry, Speaking in Images: Interviews with Contemporary Chinese Filmmakers Sylvia Li-chun Lin, Representing Atrocity in Taiwan: The 2/28 Incident and White Terror in Fiction and Film Michael Berry, A History of Pain: Literary and Cinematic Mappings of Violence in Modern China Alexander C. Y. Huang, Chinese Shakespeares: A Century of Cultural Exchange SINO ______________PHONE STUDIES A Critical Reader edited by SHU-MEI SHIH, CHIEN-HSIN TSAI, and BRIAN BERNARDS Columbia University Press New York Columbia University Press wishes to express its appreciation for assistance given by the Chiang Ching- kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange and Council for Cultural Affairs in the publication of this book. Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex cup.columbia.edu Copyright © 2013 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sinophone studies : a critical reader / edited by Shu-mei Shih, Chien-hsin Tsai, and Brian Bernards. p. cm.—(Global Chinese culture) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-231-15750-6 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-231-15751-3 (pbk.)— ISBN 978-0-231-52710-1 (electronic) 1. Chinese diaspora. 2. Chinese–Foreign countries–Ethnic identity. 3. Chinese–Foreign countries– Intellectual life. 4. National characteristics, Chinese. I. Shi, Shumei, 1961–II. Tsai, Chien-hsin, 1975– III. Bernards, Brian. DS732.S57 2013 305.800951–dc23 2012011978 Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. This book was printed on paper with recycled content. Printed in the United States of America c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 p 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 cover image: Untitled by Hung Chang (c. 1959). Oil on canvas. By permission of the estate of Hung Chang. References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manu- script was prepared. Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction: What Is Sinophone Studies? Shu-mei Shih 1 PART I Issues and Controversies Chien-hsin Tsai 17 1 Against Diaspora: The Sinophone as Places of Cultural Production Shu-mei Shih 25 2 On Chineseness as a Theoretical Problem Rey Chow 43 3 Can One Say No to Chineseness? Pushing the Limits of the Diasporic Paradigm Ien Ang 57 4 Sinophone/Chinese: “The South Where Language Is Lost” and Reinvented Kim Chew Ng 74 5 Post-Loyalism David Der-wei Wang 93 6 Exiled to English Ha Jin 117 PART II Discrepant Perspectives Brian Bernards 125 7 Chineseness: The Dilemmas of Place and Practice Gungwu Wang 131 8 Cultural China: The Periphery as the Center Wei-ming Tu 145 9 On the Margins of the Chinese Discourse Leo Ou-fan Lee 158 10 The Structure of Dual Domination: Toward a Paradigm for the Study of the Chinese Diaspora in the United States Ling-chi Wang 170 PART III Sites and Articulations Brian Bernards and Chien-hsin Tsai 183 11 Intra-Local and Inter-Local Sinophone: Rhizomatic Politics of Hong Kong Writers Saisai and Wong Bik-wan Mirana May Szeto 191 12 Things, Common/Places, Passages of the Port City: On Hong Kong and Hong Kong Author Leung Ping-kwan Rey Chow 207 13 Taiwan Fiction Under Japanese Colonial Rule, 1895–1945 Chien-chung Chen 227 14 Sinophone Indigenous Literature of Taiwan: History and Tradition Hsinya Huang 242 15 Writing Beyond Boudoirs: Sinophone Literature by Female Writers in Contemporary Taiwan Pei-Yin Lin 255 16 Of Guest and Host: Zhong Lihe, Hakka, and Sinophone Hospitality Chien-hsin Tsai 270 17 On the Margins of Tibetanness: Three Decades of Sinophone Tibetan Literature Patricia Schiaffini 281 18 Danger in the Voice: Alai and the Sinophone Carlos Rojas 296 19 Sinophone Malaysian Literature: An Overview Kim Tong Tee 304 vi CONTENTS 20 Transcending Multiracialism: Kuo Pao Kun’s Multilingual Play Mama Looking for Her Cat and the Concept of Open Culture E. K. Tan 315 21 Plantation and Rainforest: Chang Kuei-hsing and a South Seas Discourse of Coloniality and Nature Brian Bernards 325 22 Inverted Islands: Sinophone New Zealand Literature Jacob Edmond 339 23 Beneath Two Red Banners: Lao She as a Manchu Writer in Modern China Carles Prado-Fonts 353 24 Found in Translation: Gao Xingjian’s Multimedial Sinophone Andrea Bachner 364 25 Generational Effects in Racialization: Representations of African Americans in Sinophone Chinese American Literature Sau-ling C. Wong 375 26 At the Threshold of the Gold Mountain: Reading Angel Island Poetry Te-hsing Shan 385 27 The Chinese Immigrant as a Global Figure in Lin Yutang’s Novels Shuang Shen 397 28 Latin America and the Caribbean in a Sinophone Studies Reader? Ignacio López-Calvo 409 Glossary of Sinitic Terms, Names, and Titles 425 List of Contributors 437 Index 443 CONTENTS vii Acknowledgments Before the term Sinophone was coined with critical valence and historical specificity, many scholars, thinkers, and writers had expressed ideas and sentiments akin to what are now more critically and historically envisioned as Sinophone studies. The definitional and historical considerations of the Sinophone owe much to the insights of these scholars and writers from various parts of the world, some of whose works are anthologized here. The editors would like to thank all those who came before and helped us frame Sinophone studies, ranging from those who debated on “South Seas color” in colonial Malaya to those who critiqued Chineseness in different parts of the world (including China), and to also thank those scholars who have in recent years joined the adventure in the emergent field of Sinophone studies with great gusto and sophistication. This volume would not have been possible without the support of the series editor, David Der-wei Wang; the executive editor, Jennifer Crewe at the Columbia University Press; and the supportive and constructive reviews by two anonymous readers. Shu-mei Shih would like to personally thank fellow travelers of Sinophone studies in Malaysia (Fah Hing Chong and Choon Bee Lim), Taiwan (Kim Tong Tee, Hsinya Huang, and Chien-chung Chen), the United Kingdom (Margaret Hillenbrand), Italy (Claudia Pozzana), Hong Kong (Mirana May Szeto, P. K. Leung, Kam Louie, Sze Wei Ang, and K. C. Lo), and those in dif- ferent parts of the United States (David Der-wei Wang, Rey Chow, Ping-hui Liao, David Eng, Shuang Shen, Eric Hayot, E. K. Tan, and Jing Tsu, among others). Over the years, she has presented her work on Sinophone studies in various institutions across the United States, Asia, and Europe, and she is grateful for all those who patiently listened to and responded to her presen- tations. Almost always the discussions and debates exceeded allotted times, and this expressed passion has sustained her work in this area through the years. Finally, she would like to acknowledge the important contribution of both of the coeditors (Chien-hsin Tsai and Brian Bernards), but her greatest gratitude is to Brian Bernards, who shouldered the heaviest task of putting together the manuscript in the final stages of work. Chien-hsin Tsai first thanks his coeditors, Shu-mei and Brian, for their professionalism and enthusiasm that have seen the project through its dif- ferent stages. Shu-mei’s critical vision and tireless devotion are instructive in bringing together constructive dialogues from varied fields and making this a most stimulating and rewarding collaboration. Brian’s acumen and conscien- tiousness are sources of valuable inspiration. Chien-hsin also wishes to thank Andrea Bachner, Yvonne Sung-sheng Chang, Lingchei Letty Chen, Eileen Cheng-yin Chow, Benjamin Frederick, Carlos Rojas, Jing Tsu, Michelle Yeh, and especially David Der-wei Wang for their unwavering support. Brian Bernards wishes to thank the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures at the University of Southern California, the UCLA Asia Insti- tute, the University of California Pacific Rim Research Program, Fulbright- Hays, the National University of Singapore’s Asia Research Institute, and Professor Quah Sy Ren of Nanyang Technological University for providing critical logistical and/or financial support that benefitted this project. Brian would also like to acknowledge the support and assistance of his coedi- tors, Shu-mei and Chien-hsin, and all of his cocontributors, especially Tee Kim Tong, David Wang, and E. K. Tan, for their comments, feedback, and expertise. The editors would also like to collectively acknowledge the following authors and publishers for granting permission to abridge and reprint their work: Ien Ang, “Can One Say No to Chineseness?” first appeared inboundary 2 25, no. 3 (Autumn 1998): 223–242. Abridged and reprinted with the permis- sion of Duke University Press. Rey Chow, “On Chineseness as a Theoretical Problem” first appeared in boundary 2 25, no. 3 (Autumn 1998): 1–24. Abridged and reprinted with the permission of Duke University Press. Rey Chow, “Things, Common/Places, Passages of the Port City: On Hong Kong and Hong Kong Author Leung Ping-kwan” first appeared in x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS differences 5, no. 3 (Fall 1993): 179–204. Abridged and reprinted with the permission of Duke University Press. Leo Ou-fan Lee, “On the Margins of the Chinese Discourse” first appeared in Daedalus 120, no. 2 (Spring 1991): 207–226. Abridged and reprinted with the permission of MIT Press Journals. Shu-mei Shih, “Against Diaspora: The Sinophone as Places of Cultural Pro- duction” is adapted and updated from Visuality and Identity: Sinophone Articulations Across the Pacific (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 1–39. Revised and reprinted with the permission of the University of California Press. Wei-ming Tu, “Cultural China: The Periphery as Center” first appeared in Daedalus 120, no.