OSP Journal of Physics and Astronomy Review Article What Einstein did Not Consider about Gravity Rowland D Independent Researcher registered with ORCID Corresponding Author: David Rowland, Independent Researcher registered with ORCID, Member of Royal [email protected] Received: June 16, 2020; Accepted: June 29, 2020; Published: July 05, 2020 Astronomical Society of Canada, Canadian Association of Physicists. E-mail: Abstract physics. GR proposes that gravity is the result of a geometric distortion of four-dimensional spacetime by massive objects. TheGeneral more relativity mass that (GR) produces is the geometric gravity in theorya body, of the gravity more distortionthat has become you get. the This accepted distortion definition supposedly of gravitation changes inthe modern trajec- tories of objects moving through space and even the paths of light rays as they pass close by massive objects. - plains in detail the logical errors, false assumptions, and misinterpretation of evidence upon which GR is based. Geometric spacetimeUnfortunately, does general not exist, relativity does not is acurve, fatally and flawed cannot theory possibly that interactis a diversion with orfrom be affectedhow gravity by gravity. really works. This study ex Introduction 1. It is not possible to assign co-ordinates to the hypothetical time axis; and In 1916, Albert Einstein published his paper on General 2. Because E = mc2 does not include any time variable, there is no- Relativity, the geometric theory of gravity [1]. General rela- where said equation fits into this four-dimensional model. tivity (GR) states that the force of gravity is associated with the curving/warping of spacetime. GR has become the cur- Source of Figure 1: Wikipedia [9]. rent description of gravity in modern physics. Unfortunately, General Relativity (nonphysical) form of mathematics, geometry is incapable In 1915, Einstein developed his theory of general relativity, ofGR interacting theory suffers with fromany physical two fatal force flaws: (e.g., (1) gravity); as an abstractand (2) the geometric theory of gravitation that is the current de- scription of gravity in modern physics. Einstein proposed that gravity is the result of a geometric distortion of four- spacetimeIn 1905, the is same a mathematical year he received fiction. a PhD from the University dimensional spacetime by massive objects. The more mass of Zurich, Einstein developed his famous equation of mass- that produces gravity in a body, the more distortion you get. energy equivalence (E = mc2), which later became known as This distortion supposedly changes the trajectories of ob- the theory of special relativity [2]. The only variables in this jects moving through space and even the paths of light rays equation are energy (E), mass (m), and the speed of light (c). as they pass close by massive objects. Simply stated, massive Time is not a factor. objects bend the space around them, causing other objects In 1908, attempting to better explain his former student’s to deviate from the straight lines they otherwise would have theory of special relativity (E=mc2), mathematics professor followed. Einstein chose the Minkowski spacetime model to Hermann Minkowski expressed it in terms of a mathemati- depict graphically the gravitational forces supposedly im- cal model that fused time and the three dimensions of space plied in general relativity. into a single four-dimensional continuum (later known as Minkowski spacetime ). Notice two things about this model: Figure 2. Hypothetical Fabric of Spacetime Figure 1. Hypothetical Minkowski 4-D Spacetime Volume - 1 Issue - 1 Copyright © 2020 Rowland D. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which per- mits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. • Page 1 of 2 • OSP J Phy Astronomy Copyright © Rowland D Source: Wikipedia [10]. In this model, a massive object (planet or star) appears to be sitting towards the Sun that was approximately twice as much as on a fourth-dimensional spacetime fabric, weighing it down, as a Newton’s.theory of general The solar relativity eclipse predictedof 1919 provided a degree evidence of deflection that heavy ball would do to a rubber membrane in three dimensions. A beam of light passing close by the Sun, for example, would theoreti- gravity would bend light. Einstein won by a small margin, cally follow the lip of the curved spacetime fabric, causing it to bend makingappeared him to an confirm overnight Einstein’s celebrity prediction [6]. of how much towards the Sun (rather than pass by it in a straight line). General relativity thus depends on the following three unverifiable assump- Solar Eclipse of 1919 tions: (1) 4-D spacetime is real, (2) spacetime curves, and (3) space- On 9 November 1919, page six of the New York Times car- time interacts with gravitational forces of massive objects. Eclipse Showed Gravity Variation. Diversion Spacetime Myth of light ray accepted as affecting Newton’s principle. Hailed as epochried this making. story: British“ scientist calls the discovery one of the Spacetime is a mathematical model that fuses the three di- greatest of human achievements.” Three days earlier, Edding- mensions of physical space and the abstract (nonphysical) ton and Dyson had shown off their results at a joint meeting dimension of time into a single four-dimensional physical of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society [6]. continuum. This is an interesting graphical excursion that bears no relation to reality. Frank Watson Dyson, Astronomer Royal of Britain, con- ceived the perfect experiment to test Einstein’s theory [4]. Suppose a world of two dimensions could exist and you wish A total solar eclipse on 29 May 1919 would occur just as the to represent it on a three-dimensional graph. How would Sun was crossing the bright Hyades star cluster (about 151 you know if that circle you see is a sphere, a cone, a cylinder, light-years away). Light from these stars would have to pass a dome, or something else? It is not possible to extrapolate meaningful information from two dimensions into three, be visible during the darkness of the eclipse [5]. nor from three into four. by the Sun’s gravitational field on its way to Earth and would Arthur Eddington photographed reference positions of the Time measures the changing positions of objects and se- Hyades stars during January and February of 1919 from Ox- quences of events that occur within space. Time is an ab- ford, England (51.75200N, 1.25770W; temp 400F). Then, stract (nonphysical) measurement within the 3-D. Time in May he went to the remote island of Principe (1.61390N, cannot be extracted from space and projected onto a fourth 7.40570E; temp 800F) to photograph the stars’ positions supposedly physical axis with its own independent set of during the eclipse [3]. reference points. Whatever model you create that includes mathematical measurements of an intangible dimension Andrew Commelin went to Sobral, Brazil (3.70150S, cannot possibly be real. To believe in spacetime is to believe 7.40570E, temp 800F) in May to photograph the stars’ posi- in at least one direction to which one cannot point. tions during the eclipse and stayed there to photograph ref- erence positions two months after the eclipse.3 Both teams Spacetime cannot curve because spacetime is not real. It is superimposed reference photos over the eclipse photos to an illusion. All Einstein accomplished with 4-D modelling was a fanciful graphic diversion that cannot possibly exist. from these stars. Nothing about it explains how gravity could possibly bend see how much the Sun’s gravity may have deflected light light. is one 3,600th of a degree, or the angle made by the hypot- Disproof of General Relativity enuseDeflection of a right-angledof light is measured triangle in one arcseconds. inch high Anand arcsecond 1.9 miles Although general relativity - long. This is an incredibly tiny deviation to estimate from the images of stars located 151 light-years away. is the accepted definition of grav Spacetime is the geometric illusion that can be expressed al- Eddington’s results from Principe showed an average de- gebraicallyitation in mainstream as 3 D + 0 D physics, = 4 D (where this theory D = dimension). is fatally flawed. Logic tells us that geometric spacetime is not real, does not exist, - does not curve, and cannot possibly interact with or be af- ageflection of these of 1.61 two arcseconds. readings, 1.795 Crommelin’s arcseconds, results was from consistent Sobral fected by gravity. withshowed Einstein’s an average prediction. deflection of 1.98 arcseconds. The aver Geometry is the mathematics which describes the proper- ties and relations of points, lines, and surfaces – as well as Inconclusive Results the relative locations of objects. Mathematics is an abstract No one seems to have taken parallax into consideration. Par- form of measurement and not a physical thing. As such, ge- allax is a difference or change in the apparent position of a celestial object as seen from different points on the Earth’s exists in physical reality. General relativity fails because it surface [8-13]. It is a natural phenomenon caused by view- presumesometry can that neither a physical cause nor force be influenced(gravity) interacts by anything with that an ing stars from different angles at various locations on the abstraction (geometry) that has no physical existence. globe and can also be affected by atmospheric and seasonal Einstein versus Newton conditions at those locations. Parallax alone could account for discrepancies in readings between Oxford and Principe, Isaac Newton predicted that beams of light passing close to between Principe and Sobral, and between Sobral during the Sun would bend very slightly towards the Sun. Einstein’s the eclipse and Sobral two months afterward.