ISSUES IN SCIENCE & SKEPTICISM: 40th Anniversary Celebration Why Skepticism? STEVEN NOVELLA wenty years ago, I became actively involved in the hand-in-hand with logic and skeptical movement when I and several others founded philosophy, and therefore skep- T tics also promote understanding a humble local skeptical group. We were inspired by of these fields and the promotion CSICOP (now CSI) and SKEPTICAL INQUIRER to add of critical thinking skills. what we could to efforts to make the world a more skep- Science vs. Pseudoscience: Skep- tical place. tics seek to identify and elucidate Over the past two decades, as possible in our beliefs and the borders between legitimate the skeptical landscape has opinions. This means subjecting science and pseudoscience, to changed quite a bit, but one all claims to a valid process of expose pseudoscience for what it constant has been the endless evaluation. is, and to promote knowledge of question: What is skepticism? Methodological Naturalism: how to tell the difference. What exactly do we do and why? Skeptics believe that the world Ideological Freedom/Free In- As the movement has grown and is knowable because it follows quiry: Science and reason can diversified, the question has be- certain rules or laws of nature. flourish only in a secular society come only more complex. The only legitimate methods in which no ideology (religious for knowing anything empirical or otherwise) is imposed upon individuals or the process of sci- What Is the Mission of the about the universe follows this ence or free inquiry. Skeptical Movement? naturalistic assumption. In other words, within the realm of the Neuropsychological Humility: I have come to understand that empirical you don’t get to invoke Being a functional skeptic re- scientific skepticism is a weird magic or the supernatural. quires knowledge of all the var- beast that is often difficult to Promotion of Science: Science ious ways in which we deceive understand, especially from the is the only set of methods for ourselves, the limits and flaws in outside. We are not exactly sci- investigating and understanding human perception and memory, entists or journalists or lobbyists the natural world. Science is the inherent biases and fallacies or educators, and yet we are all of therefore a powerful tool and in cognition, and the methods those things to some extent. one of the best developments of that can help mitigate all these I think the best way to ex- human civilization. We therefore flaws and biases. plain scientific skepticism is that endeavor to promote the role of Consumer Protection: Skeptics it is expertise in everything that science in our society, public endeavor to protect themselves can go wrong with science and understanding of the findings and others from fraud and belief, and it includes execution, and methods of science, and deception by exposing fraud and communication, education, and high-quality science education. educating the public and policy- regulation. It combines knowl- This includes protecting the makers to recognize deceptive or edge of science, philosophy, and integrity of science and education misleading claims or practices. critical thinking with special ex- from ideological intrusion or Addressing Specific Claims: pertise in flawed reasoning and antiscientific attacks. This Skeptics combine all of the above deception. also includes promoting high- to address specific claims that are To understand this better, quality science, which requires flawed, biased, or pseudoscien- here is a list of what scientific examining the process, culture, tific and to engage in the public skeptics promote and do. and institutions of science discussion of these claims. Respect for Knowledge and for flaws, biases, weaknesses, Cultural Memory: Skeptics as Truth: Skeptics value reality conflicts of interest, and fraud. a whole act as the cultural mem- and what is true. We therefore Promotion of Reason and Crit- ory for pseudosciences and scams endeavor to be as reality-based ical Think ing: Science works of the past. Such beliefs tend to 40 Volume 40 Issue 5 | Skeptical Inquirer repeat themselves, and remem- topics to address as part of my able moment criterion is pub- bering the past can be very use- skeptical activism. lic interest. The whole point is ful in quickly putting such beliefs Teachable Moment: One very to engage the public, and one into their proper perspective. important criterion is this: Would technique for doing so is to go Science Journalism: Many addressing a claim or topic pro- to where the people already skeptics spend a large portion of vide a useful teachable moment? are. The public is interested in their time doing straight science Since one (if not the) primary ghosts, cryptids, and UFOs, and communication and journalism, goal of skepticism is education, in fact they often learn patholog- which is important because sci- this is a crucial criterion, and in ical science from popular treat- ence is so central to our mission. fact it is often sufficient reason to ments of these topics. This is also an important skill to explore and develop because it is so rarely done well. Correcting and criticizing bad science news reporting, especially in the Inter- net age, has become a large part Ghosts and UFOs are of what skeptics do. the hook; the payoff is What Topics Do We Cover? scientific literacy and Traditional skepticism addresses the ability to think a very broad range of topics: all a bit more critically. of alternative medicine, parapsy- chology, cryptozoology, conspir- acy theories, scams, postmodern- ism, self-help, education, science and the media, neuroscience and address a topic. If we leave these popular self-deception, fringe science, This is the primary reason I subjects to the charlatans, they and a long list of topics that have never addressed issues such will happily spread scientific have political, religious, or social as ghosts, Bigfoot, astrology, or illiteracy unopposed. This is, implications: genetically modi- the Bermuda Triangle (classic however, a great opportunity fied foods, organic farming, free skeptical topics all). I honestly to teach the public about energy and other energy issues, don’t care at all about ghosts, and how science actually operates, climate change, creationism, mir- I agree that this has extremely mechanisms of self-deception, acle claims, faith-healing, proph- low priority as an issue. How- how to tell if a claim is valid, and esy, channeling—the list is mas- ever, ghost hunters engage in a how to detect pseudoscience. sive. variety of pseudoscientific activi- Addressing pseudoscience There has been frequent dis- ties and defend their claims with and the paranormal is a way to cussion about which topics skep- numerous logical fallacies. popularize science, such as writ- tics “should” cover. My approach There are many generic les- ing about the physics of Star has always been that everyone, of sons about science and critical Trek or the philosophy of The course, should feel free to cover thinking that can be learned by Simpsons. Ghosts and UFOs are whatever topics suit their inter- examining any pseudoscience, the hook; the payoff is scientific ests, motivations, and talents. and often the most obvious ones literacy and the ability to think a There are no right or wrong top- are the best examples. bit more critically. ics to cover. I have also found that by ex- Impact: The relative impact There are, however, many amining the full spectrum of or importance of an issue is defi- considerations worth discussing. pseudoscience, I have been able nitely important, and nothing I Skepticism is a method of apply- to see recurring patterns that en- write here should be interpreted ing science and critical thinking able me to understand pseudo- as dismissing or minimizing that to all areas. It is worth thinking science much more thoroughly point. In fact, as the skeptical about how those methods relate and then apply those lessons to movement has matured over the to any particular topic of interest. more important areas such as past few decades I have noticed a Here are some of the factors medicine. definite shift to issues of greater I consider when deciding what Interest: Related to the teach- social importance. Skeptical Inquirer | September/October 2016 41 ISSUES IN SCIENCE & SKEPTICISM: 40th Anniversary Celebration My primary issue is alterna- ing and speaking on their area of tend not to get attention from sci- tive medicine, the abject infiltra- scientific expertise. So, skeptical entists, who don’t want to waste tion of fraud and pseudoscience doctors focus on medicine, as- their time. Whether or not this into the institutions of health- tronomers on astronomy, biolo- is a reasonable position is debat- care. This results in the wasting gists on issues such as evolution able, but meanwhile skeptics are of billions of dollars and divert- and creation, physicists on free happy to fill the void. As a skepti- ing of research funds, and it energy, and so on. cal neurologist, for example, I am causes direct harm to the health If we have a bias, it is toward not going to spend my time delv- of individuals. the areas of expertise that also ing into and engaging in debate Other important issues we tend to attract people to the over the possible mechanisms of tackle regularly are vaccine re- skeptical movement itself, but Parkinson’s disease. There are fusal, global climate change, this is hard to avoid. It is also not scientists who are doing that. But genetically modified foods, our simple to correct, and straying I will engage with those claiming energy infrastructure, future outside of our areas of expertise is that near-death experiences are technology, teaching creation- not a good solution. At the very evidence for an afterlife because ism and other pseudoscience in least, it takes a lot more work to most scientists don’t bother to do science classes, issues surround- address an issue about which I am that.