PERCEPTIONSJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS War and Memory: Trotsky’s War Correspondence from the Balkan Wars Maria TODOROVA Of Other Balkan Wars: Affective Worlds of Modern and Traditional (The Bulgarian Example) Snezhana DIMITROVA Trajectories of Post-Communist Transformation Sabrina P. RAMET Post-1989 Political Change in the Balkan States: The Legacy of the Early Illiberal Transition Years Othon ANASTASAKIS Balkans and Balkanisation: Carnegie Commission’s Reports on the Balkan Wars Predrag SIMIĆ Macedonia and the Ohrid Framework Agreement: Framed Past, Elusive Future Sasho RIPILOSKI & Stevo PENDAROVSKI Turkey and the Balkans: Constructing a Common Future Birgül DEMİRTAŞ Book Reviews Summer 2013 Volume XVIII - Number 2 ISSN 1300-8641 PERCEPTIONS Editor in Chief Bülent Aras Deputy Editors Şaban Kardaş • Mesut Özcan • Murat Yeşiltaş Book Review Editor Şule Toktaş Managing Editor Engin Karaca International Advisory Board Nuri Yurdusev Middle East Technical University Fuat Keyman Sabancı University John Hobson University of Sheffield Talip Küçükcan Marmara University Ayşe Kadıoğlu Sabancı University Mustafa Kibaroğlu Okan University Burhanettin Duran Istanbul Şehir University Selçuk Çolakoğlu Yıldırım Beyazıt University Pınar Bilgin Bilkent University Oktay Tanrısever Middle East Technical University Tuncay Kardaş Sakarya University Şaban Kardaş TOBB-ETU Mesut Özcan Center for Strategic Research Homepage: http://www.sam.gov.tr The Center for Strategic Research (Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi- SAM) conducts research on Turkish foreign policy, regional studies and international relations, and makes scholarly and scientific assessments of relevant issues. It is a consultative body of the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs providing strategic insights, independent data and analysis to decision makers in government. As a nonprofit organization, SAM is chartered by law and has been active since May 1995. SAM publishes Perceptions, an English language journal on foreign affairs. The content of the journal ranges from security and democracy to conflict resolutions, and international challenges and opportunities. Perceptions is a quarterly journal prepared by a large network of affiliated scholars. The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Center for Strategic Research. PERCEPTIONS is a peer-reviewed journal and is included in the following databases and indexes: CSA Index, Current Contents of Periodicals on the Middle East, EBSCO, Index Islamicus, International Political Science Abstracts (IPSA), Lancaster Index to Defense & International Security Literature, PAIS Index, Pro Quest, Turkish Academic Network and Information Center (TÜBİTAK - ULAKBIM). To subscribe, write to the Center for Strategic Research, Dr. Sadık Ahmet Caddesi No: 8, Balgat / 06100 Ankara - TURKEY Phone: (+90 312) 292 40 76 - 292 22 30 Fax: (+90 312) 253 42 03 e-mail: [email protected] Printed in Ankara by: AFŞAROĞLU MATBAASI ISSN 1300-8641 PERCEPTIONSJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Summer 2013 Volume XVIII Number 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Guest Editor: Birgül DEMİRTAŞ Introduction: From the Balkan Wars to a 1 Balkan Peace - A Century of Conflicts and Challenging Transformations Birgül DEMİRTAŞ War and Memory: Trotsky’s War 5 Correspondence from the Balkan Wars Maria TODOROVA Of Other Balkan Wars: Affective Worlds of 29 Modern and Traditional (The Bulgarian Example) Snezhana DIMITROVA Trajectories of Post-Communist 57 Transformation: Myths and Rival Theories about Change in Central and Southeastern Europe Sabrina P. RAMET Post-1989 Political Change in the Balkan 91 States: The Legacy of the Early Illiberal Transition Years Othon ANASTASAKIS Balkans and Balkanisation: Western 113 Perceptions of the Balkans in the Carnegie Commission’s Reports on the Balkan Wars from 1914 to 1996 Predrag SIMIĆ Macedonia and the Ohrid Framework 135 Agreement: Framed Past, Elusive Future Sasho RIPILOSKI & Stevo PENDAROVSKI Turkey and the Balkans: Overcoming 163 Prejudices, Building Bridges and Constructing a Common Future Birgül DEMİRTAŞ Book Reviews 185 PERCEPTIONS - Summer 2013 Introduction: From the Balkan Wars to a Balkan Peace - A Century of Conflicts and Challenging Transformations Birgül DEMİRTAŞ* The Balkans was continuously at the to deal with different aspects of the forefront of global politics in the last historical processes that the regional century, witnessing three successive countries have experienced from the world orders. During this period the Balkan Wars onward. Balkan countries did not only have to The Balkan Wars showed what yield to the hegemonic aspirations of kind of tragic events would occur if the global powers, they also experienced expansionist micro-nationalisms joined problems of hard and soft security forces with great powers’ ambitions. The within and among themselves. Although then neighbouring peoples who shared a century has passed since the end of multiple identities and often spoke the Balkan Wars, one can still mention several languages became each other’s continuing state- and nation-building rivals- even enemies- when they turned processes, inter-ethnic disputes, border out to have single and exclusionary problems and global rivalries. identities. Despite the violent conflicts of the The security environment in the 1990s coming to an end with the Balkans in the 21st century is different intervention of the great powers, there is from the early 20th century. With the still only a very precarious peace in the wars of the 1990s finished, one way or Balkans. On the one hand, the countries another, the Balkans has not received the have had to heal the wounds of the attention of academia and the media. But conflict-prone years, and on the other there are still salient issues within and hand they have had to face the challenges between the countries. Although there of globalisation and the European Union is no longer ongoing military conflict, accession process. This special issue aims the region has not reached the stage of positive peace yet. Among the security * Assoc. Prof. Dr., TOBB University of issues facing the region, one of the most Economics and Technology, Department of predominant problems is the prevalence International Relations. 1 PERCEPTIONS, Summer 2013, Volume XVIII, Number 2, pp. 1-4. Birgül Demirtaş of ethnic nationalism in most of the Europe. In the case of the Balkans there countries. One should acknowledge that are still disputed borders, which mean the wars of the ex-Yugoslavia replaced the persistence of existential problems multiple identities with mono-ethnic that might possibly require emergency ones, and how that process can be solutions. reversed is still unknown. Although Organised crime, economic problems more than a decade has passed since the aggravated by the European economic wars, the electoral processes prove the crisis, and the ambivalence of the continuing impact of the single national European integration process are some identities. other important problems facing the regional countries. Easy solutions to Despite the violent conflicts of these complicated problems are not in the 1990s coming to an end sight. Another important issue is the with the intervention of the reluctance of the actors to deal with the great powers, there is still only past in a critical way, be it the Balkan a very precarious peace in the Wars or the Yugoslav wars of succession. Balkans. Though there have been some small steps taken in the recent years, a lot more should be done if there is to be durable Another important issue is the stability and peace. increasing homogenisation stemming The special issue covers articles whose from the migrations during the conflicts. topics vary from historical analyses of As a result of displacement of people, the Balkan Wars, to issues concerning the multi-cultural territories of the the transition period, to internal politics, previous period have lost their authentic to foreign policy and to the policies of structures. This means the loss of the external actors towards the region. historical characteristic of the Balkan The Balkan Wars have been dealt with lands. in many academic articles and books World history has showed that in order but most have based their analysis on to have a positive peace in a particular traditional state-to-state relations and region, all territorial issues should military history. This special issue of be solved. It is mainly because of the Perceptions includes two articles on solution of all the major territorial issues the Balkan Wars from non-traditional that there is now a durable peace Western perspectives. The first sheds light on the 2 Introduction: From the Balkan Wars to a Balkan Peace state of war by examining an important Dimitrova is a notable contribution to memoir. The second looks at the issue the humanitarian analysis of the Balkan from the perspective of human security. Wars. Many myths and debates are produced World history has showed that and reproduced with regard to Central in order to have a positive and Southeastern Europe. Some argue peace in a particular region, that nobody foresaw the end of the Cold all territorial issues should be War, while others claim that the processes solved. between 1989 and 1991 cannot be called a revolution. Prof. Dr. Sabrina Petra Ramet examines these two myths. At The first article of this special issue the same time, she analyses debates on is written by Prof. Dr. Maria Todorova transition versus transformation and the on Trotsky’s book on the Balkan