Ethiopia MenstrualEthiopia Health FormativeMenstrual Research Health Formative Research Report Report 20202020 Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................................. i Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................................................. i Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Findings .................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Menstruating and pre-menstrual students ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Parents of menstruating female students .................................................................................................................. 2 1.1.3 Focal teachers .................................................................................................................................................................. 3 1.1.4 School Administration staff ........................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1.5 Janitors ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Background and Objectives .............................................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 Methods ................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 3.1 Study Design .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Study Population And Targets ........................................................................................................................... 6 3.3 Sampling and Data Collection Methods .......................................................................................................... 6 3.4 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Findings .................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 4.1 Menstruating Students ......................................................................................................................................... 6 4.1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6 4.1.2 Role models of menstruating female students ......................................................................................................... 7 4.1.3 Menstrual Health Knowledge ....................................................................................................................................... 7 4.1.4 Source of Information About Menstruation ............................................................................................................. 8 4.1.5 Menstrual Health Management Practices .................................................................................................................. 9 4.1.6 Menstrual Health Norms ............................................................................................................................................ 12 4.2 Pre-Menstrual Students ..................................................................................................................................... 13 4.2.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13 4.2.2 Menstrual Health Knowledge ..................................................................................................................................... 13 4.3 Male Students ...................................................................................................................................................... 14 4.3.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14 4.3.2 Knowledge and Attitude towards Menstruation ................................................................................................... 15 4.4 Parents of Female Students .............................................................................................................................. 16 4.4.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................................................... 16 4.4.2 Menstrual Health Knowledge ..................................................................................................................................... 17 4.4.3 Menstrual Health Norms ............................................................................................................................................ 17 4.4.4 Parental Support ............................................................................................................................................................ 17 4.4.5 Impact of Menstruation on Girls Education ............................................................................................................ 18 4.4.6 Beliefs about Menstruation ......................................................................................................................................... 18 4.4.7 Menstrual Health Generational Changes ................................................................................................................. 19 4.5 School Teachers .................................................................................................................................................. 20 4.5.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................................................... 20 4.5.2 School Clubs and Menstrual Health ......................................................................................................................... 20 4.6 School Janitors ..................................................................................................................................................... 21 4.6.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................................................... 21 4.6.2 Janitor ability and challenges ....................................................................................................................................... 22 4.7 School Administration ....................................................................................................................................... 24 4.7.1 WASH Resources in Schools .................................................................................................................................... 24 4.7.2 Impact of Menstruation on Girls Education ............................................................................................................ 24 4.7.3 WASH Services in Schools ......................................................................................................................................... 25 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Annex 1: Socio-Demographic Profile of Study Participants ................................................................................. 26 Annex 2: Household WASH ........................................................................................................................................ 28 Annex 3: Proposed Interventions by Audience ........................................................................................................ 30 Proposed interventions by menstruating female students ............................................................................... 30 Proposed interventions by premenstrual female students .............................................................................