TAXON: Urena lobata L. SCORE: 16.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Urena lobata L. Family: Malvaceae Common Name(s): aramina-plant Synonym(s): bur-mallow Caesarweed Congo-jute pipiri Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 13 Feb 2018 WRA Score: 16.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Pasture Weed, Dense Stands, Disturbance, Barbed Capsules, Epizoochorous Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 y 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 13 Feb 2018 (Urena lobata L.) Page 1 of 21 TAXON: Urena lobata L. SCORE: 16.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 13 Feb 2018 (Urena lobata L.) Page 2 of 21 TAXON: Urena lobata L. SCORE: 16.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [Cultivated but not domesticated] "The origin of Urena lobata is not certain, but it is probably of African or Asian origin. It is now widely N͛danikou, S. & Achigan-Dako, E.G. & Oyen, L.P.A. 2011. distributed in a wild or naturalised state throughout the tropics and Urena lobata L. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Brink, subtropics. In tropical Africa it occurs naturally from Cape Verde and M. & Achigan-Dako, E.G. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources Senegal eastward to Ethiopia and Eritrea, and southward across the of Tropical Africa / Wageningen, Netherlands. continent to South Africa. It also occurs in the Indian Ocean islands. http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp. [Accessed 12 Feb Urena lobata is grown as a commercial fibre crop in DR Congo, and 2018] for local use in Ghana, Nigeria and elsewhere in tropical Africa; commercial fibre production in Angola and Madagascar is mainly based on wild or naturalized plants." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA Creation Date: 13 Feb 2018 (Urena lobata L.) Page 3 of 21 TAXON: Urena lobata L. SCORE: 16.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native Asia-Temperate China: China Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang Eastern Asia: Japan ; Taiwan Asia-Tropical Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh ; Bhutan ; India ; Nepal ; Pakistan Indo-China: Cambodia ; Laos ; Myanmar ; Thailand ; Vietnam Malesia: Brunei ; Indonesia ; Philippines Papuasia: New Guinea USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Australasia 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Australia: Australia New South Wales, Northern Territory, Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Queensland, Western Australia [Accessed 12 Feb 2018] Southern America Brazil: Brazil Caribbean: Bahamas ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica ; Puerto Rico ; Virgin Islands (British) ; Virgin Islands (U.S.) Central America: Belize ; Costa Rica ; Nicaragua ; Panama Northern South America: French Guiana ; Guyana ; Suriname ; Venezuela Southern South America: Paraguay Western South America: Ecuador ; Peru" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 12 Feb 2018] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes "For optimal growth and fibre production Urena lobata needs a hot and humid climate with ample sunlight and rainfall, and a deep, fertile, well-drained soil. It prefers an average temperature of Ϯϭʹ N͛danikou, S. & Achigan-Dako, E.G. & Oyen, L.P.A. 2011. Ϯϳ°C, a relative humidity of ϳϱʹϴϱй͕and a monthly rainfall of ϭϱϬʹ Urena lobata L. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Brink, ϮϬϬmm during the growing season. Under less favourable M. & Achigan-Dako, E.G. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources conditions it may grow as a short, branched, wiry shrublet. In of Tropical Africa / Wageningen, Netherlands. tropical Africa Urena lobata occurs from sea-level up to 2100 m http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp. [Accessed 12 Feb altitude in grassland, bushland, thickets, flood plains, river banks, 2018] roadsides and fallow land, less often in semi-deciduous forest. " [Elevation range exceeds 2000 m in tropical Africa, demonstrating environmental versatility] Creation Date: 13 Feb 2018 (Urena lobata L.) Page 4 of 21 TAXON: Urena lobata L. SCORE: 16.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Awan, T. H., Chauhan, B. S., & Cruz, P. C. S. (2014). "It can grow over a wide altitude range; from near sea-level to about Influence of environmental factors on the germination of 1000-m above sea level. This weed usually grows in rainforests along Urena lobata L. and its response to herbicides. PloS One, 9 roads, monsoon forests, and in disturbed areas." (3), e90305 Francis, J. K. (ed.). 2004. Wildland shrubs of the United States and its Territories: thamnic descriptions: volume 1. "It tolerates salt spray and a moderate amount of salt in the soil but Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-GTR-26. U.S. Department of does not grow in saturated soils. The species ranges to elevations of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of 1,500 m (Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2003). In Puerto Rico, it Tropical Forestry, San Juan, PR, & U.S. Department of occurs in areas that receive from about 1400 to 3000 mm of mean Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research annual precipitation, forming thickets in favorable sites." Station, Fort Collins, CO Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Pantropical; in Hawai'i naturalized in low elevation disturbed areas, Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of 20-30 m, on Kaua'i, O'ahu, and East Maui. Hillebrand (1888) the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University mentioned that a few plants of this species appeared in Honolulu, of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. having been accidentally introduced with foreign plants from China; the species was first noted by Nelson (St. John, 1978e)." "The origin of Urena lobata is not certain, but it is probably of African or Asian origin. It is now widely distributed in a wild or N͛danikou, S. & Achigan-Dako, E.G. & Oyen, L.P.A. 2011. naturalised state throughout the tropics and subtropics. In tropical Urena lobata L. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Brink, Africa it occurs naturally from Cape Verde and Senegal eastward to M.