MAPPING EXERCISE ON WATER- LOGGING IN SOUTH WEST OF BANGLADESH DRAFT FOR CONSULTATION FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS March 2015 I Preface This report presents the results of a study conducted in 2014 into the factors leading to water logging in the South West region of Bangladesh. It is intended to assist the relevant institutions of the Government of Bangladesh address the underlying causes of water logging. Ultimately, this will be for the benefit of local communities, and of local institutions, and will improve their resilience to the threat of recurring and/or long-lasting flooding. The study is intended not as an end point, but as a starting point for dialogue between the various stakeholders both within and outside government. Following release of this draft report, a number of consultations will be held organized both in Dhaka and in the South West by the study team, to help establish some form of consensus on possible ways forward, and get agreement on the actions needed, the resources required and who should be involved. The work was carried out by FAO as co-chair of the Bangladesh Food Security Cluster, and is also a contribution towards the Government’s Master Plan for the Agricultural development of the Southern Region of the country. This preliminary work was funded by DfID, in association with activities conducted by World Food Programme following the water logging which took place in Satkhira, Khulna and Jessore during late 2013. Mike Robson FAO Representative in Bangladesh II Mapping Exercise on Water Logging in Southwest Bangladesh Table of Contents Chapter Title Page no. I INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT 1 1.1 Statement of the problem 1 1.2 Definition of water logging 2 1.3 Historical context of water logging in SWB-Defining Scope 2 1.4 Previous studies on water logged area 11 1.5 Physical setting 12 1.6 Topography 13 1.7 Soil resources 13 1.8 Natural resource characteristics 14 1.9 Climate and weather 17 1.10 Hydrology 17 2 APPROACHES AND METHODOLOGY 21 2.1 Approaches 21 2.2 Team composition 21 2.3 Reflections on literature review 21 2.4 Selection of Study sites 22 2.5 Data Collection 22 2.6 Data analysis and reporting 23 2.7 Limitations 24 3 WATER LOGGING : CAUSES AND POSSIBLE REMEDIATION 25 III Chapter Title Page no. 3.1 Current situation 25 3.2 Measurement of water logged area 25 3.3 Causes of water logging 26 3.4 Addressing water logging Problem: engineering 29 interventions 3.5 Tidal River Management 29 3.6 Lessons learnt from mitigating water logging through 31 physical intervention 4 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSE TO WATER LOGGING 32 4.1 Organizations involved in water logged area 32 4.1.1 Bangladesh Water Development Board 32 4.1.2 Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) 33 4.1.3 Department of Agriculture Extension 35 4.1.4 Department of Fisheries (DoF) 36 4.1.5 Department of Livestock service 37 4.1.6 Department of Disaster Management (DDM) 37 4.1.7 Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) 38 4.1.8 National Agricultural Research System (NARS) 38 4.1.9 International Research Center and Universities 39 4.1.10 Important NGOs 40 4.1.11 Local Government 40 4.1.12 Private sector 42 4.2 Institutional response to the problem of water logging Long 43 IV Chapter Title Page no. term intervention 4.3 Legal framework for management of water logging 48 5 IMPROVEMENT OF LIVELIHOOD PATTERN 54 5.1 Crop Production system 54 5.2 Livestock Production System in SWB 57 5.3 Aquaculture Production System 58 5.4 Overall cropping system reflecting both rice and shrimp 61 (Case study in Tala Upazila) 5.5 Land tenure system and its relationship with shrimp and rice 62 cropping system (Take from Rahman, 2013 ) 6 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS 63 6.1 Introduction 63 6.2 Responses of Stakeholders 66 6.3 Responses of Causes of Water-Logging by different 67 stakeholders 7 SOCIAL, DEMOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC PROFILES 75 7.1 Social-Demographic Indicators 75 7.2 Distribution of Farmers 76 7.3 Infrastructures and establishments 77 7.4 Energy use in water logged area 78 7.5 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 78 7.6 Background of water logging in three unions 79 7.7 Gher Farming 80 7.8 Summary of social impact of water-logging 81 V Chapter Title Page no. 8 COPING WITH WATER-LOGGING-LIVELIHOOD OPTIONS 84 9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 91 9.1 Preventing 92 9.2 Coping 93 9.3 Programmatic responsibilities: addressing vulnerabilities 95 and risks of water logging in SWB Annexure-A Public Views Through Media Reporting 105 Annexure b: Literature Review 113 Annexure C. References 136 Annexure C Persons Consulted 144 VI List of Tables Serial Tables Page 1.1 Distribution of water logged areas (ha) of 8 selected upazilas under three 5 districts in 2013 1.2 Upazila-wise water logged area identified through satellite image analysis 5 1.3 Comparison of water-logging problem in the year of 2003 and 2008 in 11 Kabadak basin 1.4 Extent of inundation over the years (1999-2008) at the Kopadak Basin 11 Area derived by analysis of satellite images (Rahman, 2013) 1.5 Land type of study areas (Ha) 13 1.6 Soil nutritional status of three districts in SWB 14 3.1 Average size and production of shrimp and prawn in three water logged 28 districts 4.1 Project of DOF addressing water logging 37 4.2 List of NGOs involved in SWB 41 4.3 List of Unions in the SWB 42 4.4 List of different projects by BWDB to mitigate water logging problems in 43 southwest region 4.5 List of project under LGED 44 4.6 Response from GoB & Other Organizations, 2013 in SWB 46 4.7 An inventory of legal issues and instruments 48 5.1 Percent farm householders having livestock resources in the waterlogged 57 upazilas 5.2 Rice and Shrimp based cropping systems according to farm size categories 61 5.3 Land tenure system and its relationships with farm categories 62 6.1 Stakeholders Opinion on Water Logging and Related Issues 64 7.1 Distribution of Farm size in the area 76 VII Serial Tables Page 7.2 Number of infrastructures and establishments in the area 77 7.3 Sector-wise losses and damages due to water logging, 2013 81 7.4 Comparison of damages due to water logging of different years by 82 assessment made by different authors 8.1 List of potential crops and crop varieties 88 VIII List of Figures Number Figure Page 1.1 Water Logged in 2008, IWM, 2010 03 1.2 Water logged area as of December 2006 06 1.3 Water logged areas as of November 2009 07 1.4 Water logged area as of November 2013 08 1.5 Water bodies as of April 2014 09 1.6 Map of the catchment area 10 1.7 Salinity in the coastal region in 1973 15 1.8 Salinity in the coastal region in 2009 16 1.9 Maximum and Minimum temperature at three coastal 17 1.10 Mean monthly total (left) rainfall at Khulna and Cumulative 17 mean annual (right) rainfall at three districts during 1948- 2011 (BMD data) 1.11 Rainfall Pattern (yearly Total and September ) in Khulna and 18 Satkhira during 2000-2014 1.12 Catchment areas in SWB 20 3.1 Trend in area waterlogged in three districts 25 3.2 Siltation of Kobadak (above) and Betna rivers (below) Source 27 : IWM, 2010 and IWM 2014 3.3 Example of TRM in Kabadak basin 30 5.1 Cropping intensity in the coastal zone 55 5.2 Production trend of Total Aman rice in satkhira 56 5.3 Total Aus Rice in three Water logging districts in SWB 56 5.4 Total Aman Rice in three Water logging districts in SWB 56 5.5 Total Boro Rice Production in three Water logging districts in 57 SWB IX Number Figure Page 5.6 Yearly production of Shrimp in SWB 60 5.7 Areas dedicated to different systems involving aquaculture 60 (IFPRI, 2012) 7.1 Population density in the unions 75 7.2 Distribution of employed male and female (right) population 76 among livelihood groups 7.3 Distribution of farmers in Tetulia (left) and Bidyanandakati 76 (right) Union (Source :FGD) 7.4 Sanitation facility 78 7.5 Access to electricy 78 7.6 Housing condition 78 X Abbreviations and Acronyms ACF Action Contrail Fame AEO Agriculture Extension Office ASA Association for Social Advancement BADC Bangladesh Agriculture Development Corporation BDHS Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board BGB Border Guard Bangladesh BRAC Largest NGO in Bangladesh Beel a natural depression, the bottom of which remains wet BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics BDT Bangladeshi taka BUET Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology(BUET) CA Christian Aid CBHA Community Behavioral Healthcare Association CAFOD Catholic Fund for Overseas Development CDMP Comprehensive Disaster Management Program CEP Coastal Embankment Project CFW Cash-for-Work CFT Cash-for-Training CS Cadastral Survey DPA Disaster Prone Areas DCR Duplicate Carbon Receipt DDM Department of Disaster Management DAE Department of Agricultural Extension DRRO District Relief and Rehabilitation Office DPHE Department of Public Health Engineering DoF Department of Fisheries DoF Department of Livestock DTW Deep Tubewell DFID Department for International Development DPP Development Project Performa ECHO European Community Humanitarian Office (Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection) EGIS Environment and Geographical Information System (now changed to CEGIS) ECB Emergency Capacity Building Project eGP e-Government Procurement ERF Early Recovery Facility FGD Focus Group Discussion FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GO Government Organization GoB Government of Bangladesh HFSNA Bangladesh Household Food Security and Nutrition Assessment INGO International Non-government Organization IGAs Income generating activities IOM International Organization for Migration IR Islamic