BioMol Concepts 2018; 9: 64–79 Review Open Access Gunjan Kak*#, Mohsin Raza#, Brijendra K Tiwari Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ): Exploring its implications in infectious diseases Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 https://doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2018-0007 of disease mechanisms and these aspects also manifest received February 13, 2018; accepted April 20, 2018.1 The First Decade (1964-1972) enormous therapeutic importance for the annulment of Abstract: A key player in driving cellular immunity, IFN-γ various infections and autoimmune conditions. Researchis capable Article of orchestrating numerous protective functions to heighten immune responses in infections and cancers. Keywords: Cytokine; IFN-γ; Immune Response; Infectious MaxIt Musterman, can exhibit its immunomodulatoryPaul Placeholder effects by enhancing Diseases; Mycobacteria; Host-pathogen interaction; antigen processing and presentation, increasing leukocyte Cytokine therapy. Whattrafficking, Is So inducing Different an anti-viral About state, boosting the anti- Neuroenhancement?microbial functions and affecting cellular proliferation and apoptosis. A complex interplay between immune IFN-γ: An Introduction Wascell ist activity so and anders IFN-γ through am coordinatedNeuroenhancement? integration of signals from other pathways involving cytokines The human immune system is evolved to eradicate or Pharmacologicaland Pattern Recognition and Mental Receptors Self-transformation (PRRs) such as in containEthic any pathogenic challenge and eliminate self- ComparisonInterleukin (IL)-4, TNF-α, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), altered cancerous cells. In this regard, IFN-γ has a critical PharmakologischeType-I Interferons und(IFNs) mentale etc. leads Selbstveränderung to initiation of a imrole in recognizing and eliminating pathogens. IFN-γ, cascade of pro-inflammatory responses. Microarray data being the central effector of cell mediated immunity, can ethischen Vergleich has unraveled numerous genes whose transcriptional coordinate a plethora of anti-microbial functions. It can regulation is influenced by IFN-γ. Consequently, IFN-γ serve to amplify antigen presentation through antigen https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 stimulated cells display altered expression of many such presenting cells (APCs) by enhancing antigen recognition received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 target genes which mediate its downstream effector via cognate T-cell interaction, increase the production Abstract:functions. In the Theconcept importance of the aesthetic of IFN-γ formation is further of reinforced knowledge ofand Reactive its as soon Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen as possibleby the factand thatsuccess-oriented mice possessing application, disruptions insights in the andIFN-γ profits Intermediates without the (RNIs) and induce anti-viral responses [1]. referencegene toor the its arguments receptor developdeveloped extreme around susceptibility 1900. The main to investigationAdditionally, also cancer cells are destroyed by IFN-γ activity includesinfectious the period diseases between and the rapidly entry succumbinto force toand them. the presentation In this via in induction its current of an anti-proliferative state. Immunity to version.review, Their we function attempt as to part elucidate of the literary the biological portrayal functions and narrative several technique. pathogens is mainly governed by IFN-γ activity. For and physiological importance of this versatile cytokine. example, the role of IFN-γ in endowing protection against Keywords: Function, transmission, investigation, principal, period The functional implications of its biological activity in Chlamydial infections is quite immense [2]. Release of several infectious diseases and autoimmune pathologies IFN-γ by the CD4+ helper T cell population contributes Dedicated to Paul Placeholder are also discussed. As a counter strategy, many virulent to necessary effector cell activation and the generation pathogenic species have devised ways to thwart IFN-γ of antibody mediated responses to Chlamydia infections endowed immune-protection. Thus, IFN-γ mediated host- [3]. The presence of IFN-γ is of absolute necessity in 1 Studiespathogen interactions and Investigations are critical for our understanding combating mycobacterial infections through its ability to regulate various protective functions and sustain The main*Corresponding investigation author: also Gunjan includes Kak, From the the period Infectious between Disease the entryboth into forceCD4+ and and CD8+ cell activity [4]. The protective the presentationImmunology Lab, in Dr. its B current R Ambedkar version. Center forTheir Biomedical function Research, as part of thebenefits literary of porIFN-γ- can also been seen in the context of viral University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India, E-mail: [email protected] trayal and narrative technique. infections, as enhanced survival of neurons infected with Mohsin Raza: Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, varicella zoster virus is observed post IFN-γ treatment [5]. South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India Brijendra K Tiwari: From the Infectious Disease Immunology Lab, Dr. Natural Killer (NK) cell -mediated IFN-γ production can *Max BMusterman: R Ambedkar Institute Center forof Marine Biomedical Biology, Research, National University Taiwan Ocean of Delhi, University, successfully 2 Pei-Ning limit Hepatitis C virus proliferation in HIV+ Road KeelungDelhi 110007, 20224, India Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) patients [6]. Enhanced Paul Placeholder: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University,anti-bacterial 2 Pei-Ning and immune protective effects simultaneous Road Keelung# The authors 20224, have Taiwan contributed (R.O.C), e-mail: equally [email protected] to the work Journal xyz 2017; 1 (2): 122–135 Open Access. Open Access.© 2017 Mustermann © 2018 Gunjan and Placeholder,Kak et al., published published by by De De Gruyter.Gruyter. This workwork is is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- licensedNonCommercial-NoDerivatives under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. 4.0 License. The First Decade (1964-1972) Research Article Max Musterman, Paul Placeholder What Is So Different About Neuroenhancement? Was ist so anders am Neuroenhancement? Pharmacological and Mental Self-transformation in Ethic Comparison Pharmakologische und mentale Selbstveränderung im ethischen Vergleich https://doi.org/10.1515/xyz-2017-0010 received February 9, 2013; accepted March 25, 2013; published online July 12, 2014 Abstract: In the concept of the aesthetic formation of knowledge and its as soon as possible and success-oriented application, insights and profits without the reference to the arguments developed around 1900. The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary portrayal and narrative technique. Keywords: Function, transmission, investigation, principal, period Dedicated to Paul Placeholder 1 Studies and Investigations The main investigation also includes the period between the entry into force and the presentation in its current version. Their function as part of the literary por- trayal and narrative technique. *Max Musterman: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Paul Placeholder: Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road Keelung 20224, Taiwan (R.O.C), e-mail: [email protected] Open Access. © 2017 Mustermann and Placeholder, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. G. Kak et al: Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ): Exploring its implications in infectious diseases 65 with pro-inflammatory responses leading to protection phosphorylation. Activated JAKs in turn phosphorylate of epithelial monolayers from pathogen mediated injury inactive cytosolic transcription factor STAT1 (signal are also conferred by IFN-γ during Staphylococcus aureus transducer and activator of transcription 1) [14]. Activated infections [7]. Thus, IFN-γ is a robust protective effector and phosphorylated STAT1 homodimerizes and is molecule mediating protection against a wide array of translocated to the nucleus where it binds to GAS (gamma pathogenic entities. activated sequences) elements in the promoter region and IFN-γ increases the efficiency of immune system mediates transcription of IFN-γ associated genes required by enhancing its competence to deliver anti-microbial for protective immunity. IFN-γ-IFN-γR signaling triggers effector functions. Undoubtedly, such an important STAT1 phosphorylation and subsequent activation of immune mediator is under stringent regulatory control. transcription factor T-bet which depicts the onset of T Over-activity of IFN-γ has been reported to cause cell polarization for commitment to TH1 lineage [15]. excessive tissue damage, necrosis and inflammation Recruitment of an additional factor, Runx3, which binds and may contribute to disease pathology. Hyper-activity to the IFN-γ promoter, drives the expression of IFN-γ with of both IFN- γ and IL-18 can exacerbate pathogenesis in concurrent silencing of the IL-4 gene [16]. Thus, IFN-γ plays Burkholderia infections [8]. Aberrant production of IFN-γ a pivotal role in dampening the IL-4 -producing ability of has been linked with autoimmunity