<p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>e Early Languages&nbsp;E </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>1 / 71 </p><p>The Tower of Babel </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>2 / 71 </p><p>Table of Contents </p><p>1</p><p>Fortran </p><p>2</p><p>ALGOL </p><p>3</p><p>COBOL </p><p>4</p><p>The second wave </p><p>5</p><p>The finale </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>3 / 71 </p><p>IBM Mathematical Formula Translator system </p><p>Fortran I, 1954-1956, IBM 704, a team&nbsp;led by John Backus. </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>4 / 71 </p><p>IBM 704 (1956) </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>5 / 71 </p><p>IBM Mathematical Formula Translator system </p><p>The m ain goal is user satisfaction (econom ical interest) rather than academ ic. Com piled language. </p><p>a single data structure : arrays com m ents arithm etics expressions DO loops subprogram s and functions I/O m achine independence </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>6 / 71 </p><p>FORTRAN’s success </p><p>Because: program m ers productivity easy to learn by IBM the audience was m ainly scientific sim plifications (e.g., I/O) </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>7 / 71 </p><p>FORTRAN I </p><p>CC<br>FIND THE MEAN OF N NUMBERS AND THE NUMBER OF VALUES GREATER THAN IT </p><p>DIMENSION A(99) REAL MEAN </p><p>READ(1,5)N </p><p>FORMAT(I2) </p><p>5<br>READ(1,10)(A(I),I=1,N) </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">FORMAT(6F10.5) </li><li style="flex:1">10 </li></ul><p>SUM=0.0 DO 15 I=1,N </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">15 </li><li style="flex:1">SUM=SUM+A(I) </li></ul><p>MEAN=SUM/FLOAT(N) </p><p>NUMBER=0 </p><p>DO 20 I=1,N <br>IF (A(I) .LE. MEAN) GOTO 20 </p><p>NUMBER=NUMBER+1 <br>CONTINUE </p><p>20 25 </p><p>WRITE (2,25) MEAN,NUMBER </p><p>FORMAT(11H MEAN = ,F10.5,5X,21H NUMBER SUP = ,I5) </p><p>STOP </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>8 / 71 </p><p>END </p><p>Fortran on Cards </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>9 / 71 </p><p>Fortrans </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>10 / 71 </p><p>Table of Contents </p><p>1</p><p>Fortran </p><p>2</p><p>ALGOL </p><p>3</p><p>COBOL </p><p>4</p><p>The second wave </p><p>5</p><p>The finale </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>11 / 71 </p><p>ALGOL, Demon Star, Beta Persei, 26 Persei </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>12 / 71 </p><p>ALGOL 58 </p><p>Originally, IAL, International Algebraic Language. </p><p>1</p><p>Usable for algorithm&nbsp;publications in scientific reviews </p><p>2</p><p>As close as possible to the usual m athem atical notations </p><p>3</p><p>Readable without assistance </p><p>4</p><p>Autom atically translatable into m achine code </p><p>Meeting between 8 Am ericans and Europeans in Zurich. ALGOL 58. </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>13 / 71 </p><p>ALGOL 58 </p><p>IAL was considered ”unspeakable and pom pous acronym ” </p><p>Introduced the fundam ental notion of com pound statem ent </p><p>I</p><p>restricted to control flow only not tied to identifier scope </p><p>I</p><p>Used during 1959 for publication Prim ary contribution was to later languages: a basis for JOVIAL ꢀick, MAD, and NELIAC. </p><p>Early com prom ise design soon superseded by ALGOL 60 </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>14 / 71 </p><p>JOVIAL </p><p>”Jules Own Version of the International Algorithm ic Language.” </p><p>Developed to write soſtware for the electronics of m ilitary aircraſt by Jules Schwartz in 1959. </p><p>Runs the Advanced Cruise Missile, B-52, B-1, and B-2 bom bers, C-130, C-141, and C-17 transport aircraſt, F-15, F-16, F-18, and F-117 fighter aircraſt, LANTIRN, U-2 aircraſt, E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraſt, Special Operations Forces, Navy AEGIS cruisers, Arm y Multiple Launch Rocket System&nbsp;(MLRS), Arm y UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters, .. </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>15 / 71 </p><p>ALGOL 60 </p><p>Figure: John Mac Carthy, Fritz Bauer, Joe Wegstein. Boꢁom&nbsp;row: John Backus, Peter Naur, Alan Perlis </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>16 / 71 </p><p>ALGOL 60: Novelties </p><p>Use of BNF to describe the syntax Inform al sem antics Block structure Dynam ic arrays Advanced control flow (if, for…) Recursivity </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>17 / 71 </p><p>ALGOL 60: One syntax, three lexics </p><p>Reference language (used in the ALGOL-60 Report) </p><p>a[i+1] := (a[i] + pi x r^2) / 6.02<sub style="top: 0.1495em;">10</sub>23; </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>18 / 71 </p><p>ALGOL 60: One syntax, three lexics </p><p>Reference language (used in the ALGOL-60 Report) </p><p>a[i+1] := (a[i] + pi x r^2) / 6.02<sub style="top: 0.1495em;">10</sub>23; </p><p>Publication language </p><p>a<sub style="top: 0.1494em;">i+1 </sub>← {a<sub style="top: 0.1494em;">i </sub>+ π × r<sup style="top: -0.3616em;">2</sup>}/6.02 × 10<sup style="top: -0.3616em;">23</sup>; </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>18 / 71 </p><p>ALGOL 60: One syntax, three lexics </p><p>Reference language (used in the ALGOL-60 Report) </p><p>a[i+1] := (a[i] + pi x r^2) / 6.02<sub style="top: 0.1495em;">10</sub>23; </p><p>Publication language </p><p>a<sub style="top: 0.1494em;">i+1 </sub>← {a<sub style="top: 0.1494em;">i </sub>+ π × r<sup style="top: -0.3616em;">2</sup>}/6.02 × 10<sup style="top: -0.3616em;">23</sup>; </p><p>Hardware representations – im plem entation dependent </p><p>a[i+1] := (a[i] + pi * r^2) / 6.02E23; or a(/i+1/)&nbsp;:= (a(/i/) + pi * r ** 2) / 6,02e23; or A(.I+1.)&nbsp;.= (A(.I.) + PI * R 'POWER' 2) / 6.02'23., </p><p>Typology of program m ing languages </p><p>Early Languages </p><p>18 / 71 </p>