GHOST TOWN LABORATORY Iglesias Nebida Masua POLITECNICO DI MILANO Town Planning Design Workshop | a.y. 2015-16 Isabella Inti, coordinator / Caterina Padoa Schioppa / Mariachiara Pastore Filippo Romano, photographer Corinna Del Bianco, Cecilia Tramontano tutors CRONICLE “In 2016 in Italy there will be 1.650 ghost towns” E. Torsello, Il Sole 24ore, 6.8.2008 In 2016 in Italy there will be 1,650 “ghost town” E. Torsello, Il Sole 24ore, 6.8.2008 Town Planning Design Workshop a.y. 2015-16 Ghost town Laboratory_ Iglesias Nebida Masua GHOST TOWS/ SHRINKING CITIES The Italian ghost towns are part of a European (and American) phe- nomenon called Shrinking cities. A significant number of cities and regions currently face population decline, economic contraction, or both. The “greying of Europe”, where nearly a third of the popu- lation will be 65 or over by 2060, is increasing pressure on social services, urban infrastructure, and the labor supply. The trend is raising new concerns for planning and architectural design. D/E_1_Future_1 BEVÖLKERUNG / POPULATION 1950–2150 Bei Fortsetzung heutiger Trends wird sich die Weltbevölkerung laut Aussagen der UN um 2070 bei ca. neun Milliarden Menschen stabilisie- ren und nicht weiter anwachsen. Auch die Verstädterungsprozesse wer- den gerade in den bevölkerungsreichen Ländern wie China und Indien weitgehend abgeschlossen sein. Mehr als drei Viertel aller Menschen werden in Städten leben. Nicht nur in Ländern Ost- und Westeuropas sowie Japan würde in Zukunft die Bevölkerung vorübergehend zurück- gehen, sondern in 50 bis 100 Jahren auch in heute stark wachsenden Ländern wie China, Indien, Nigeria oder Mexiko. According to the United Nations, should current trends continue, the world’s population will stabilize at about nine billion by ca. 2070, when growth will -18% come to a halt. Urbanization processes, in particular in the most populous -21% countries such as China and India, will also be largely completed; more than three quarters of all human beings will live in cities. In the future, the popu- lation will not only temporarily decline in countries in Eastern and Western Europe as well as Japan, in fifty to a hundred years, it will also decline in countries such as China, India, Nigeria, and Mexico, where populations are currently growing. -46% -11% Denmark -11% -14% -6% -33% Finland -43% Belarus Poland Russian Federation -35% -51% Germany Czech Republic UK -43% -27% -7% Slovakia Switzerland -27% Ukraine -41% -33% Netherlands Austria -10% -39% -36% -10% -29% Romania -11% Belgium Hungary -25% -5% -37% Kazakhstan 500 Mio -10% Serbia Azerbaijan Italy -50% -8% Democratic People’s -9% -15% Republic Of Korea Bulgaria -31% -20% Spain -28% Greece -10% Portugal Republic Of Korea Japan -20% -10% Iran Afghanistan -27% Gesamtbevölkerung China Total Population Mexico Cuba -4% -2% Stadtbevölkerung 1950–2050 Urban Population 1950–2050 Bevölkerung in Mio Population in mio -33% Egypt -27% Schrumpfung in % Thailand 100 Somalia Thailand Shrinkage in % Mexico Cuba 500 Mio Bangladesh -10% -26% Cambodia 50 Rwanda Cambodia Brazil Nigeria 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 Prognose Prognosis -7% Wachstum Growth India -3% Schrumpfung Shrinkage Chile Sri Lanka Quelle / Source: UN Dept of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2003, 2008) Weitere Erläuterungen unter / further explanation see www.shrinkingcities.com/prognose.0.html CRONICLE Landings, Alfano: “59 thousand migran- ts who have arrived in Italy since the begin- ning of year 2015” Tg24com, 23.06.2015 MIGRANTS/ POLITICAL REFUGEES News reports tell us that 59 thou- sand migrants have arrived in Italy since the beginning of year 2015, both are political refugees, but also men and wemen seeking better economic conditions, more dignified. Today they live in Italy about 4 million foreigners, of whi- ch at least half a million illegal immigrants. Of almost 60 million inhabitants, it is 6.7% of the po- pulation. All indicators confirm that given the need for industry, agriculture and services, our futu- re depends on the integration of immigrants. Landings, Alfano:“59 thousand migrants who have arrived in Italy since the beginning of year 2015” Tg24com, 23.06.2015 Town Planning Design Workshop a.y. 2015-16 Ghost town Laboratory_ Iglesias source: Limes 6/2015, “Chi bussa alla nostra porta” CRONICLE Italy has an artistic heritage of 5 thousand museums, monuments and archa- eological sites, 49 are UNESCO sites”. UNESCO 2014 HERITAGE / TOURISM Italy is also crossed by other flows of people and capital, is in fact the fifth tourist destination for number of visitors. In 2014 were 48 million tourists here have spent 33 billion. One of the most visited regions is Sardinia, where foreign tourists come from Germany, Nor- thern Europe, England and France. In Sardinia, the Iglesiente area with Iglesias city, Monteponi, Ne- bida, Masua former mines, are part of the geo-mining historical and environmental park of Sardi- nia, protected since 2001 by UNE- SCO. “The commissioners of UNESCO visited the Town Planning Design Workshop a.y. 2015-16 Sardinia Geological and Mining Park: Fantastic” Ghost town Laboratory_ Iglesias –Nebida- Masua Sardiniapost, 26.07.13 http://www.parcogeominerario.eu/index.php/parco?lang=it Iglesias Nebida Masua Porto Flavia | Masua Mines Masua mines | woodlands woodlands Nebida village and mines lago Corsi/ Corsi lake Gonnessa bay and Fontanamare beaches Iglesias city Monteponi mines agricolture landscape GEOMINING HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENTAL PARK Mining activity has shaped the land- scape together with the ancient cul- ture of the mining populations by creating an environment of workers’ villages like Carbonia and Monte- vecchio, extraction wells, thousands of kilometers of tunnels, industrial installations and companies like Al- coa, Carbonsulcis, IGEA spa, ancient railways and ports like Porto Flavia. From a geological point of view, other than carboniferous granites and dio- rites, we find metal limestones and dolomites where there are the main lead and zinc veins of the island, al- ready exploited by nuragici, roman and Punic civilizations. GMCE park landscapes TOWN PLANNING DESIGN WORKSHOP How to develop projects for both ha- The aim of the course will attempt to bitats and the cultural environment answer the following town planning induced by the mining activities as design question: what vision, what well as the environmental reclama- tools and strategies we need to adopt tion of the sites? for the enhancement of Iglesias-Ne- What kind of interventions and con- bida-Masua area? nections for the scattered set of ar- Which strategies and projects to reco- chives and museum infrastructures ver, maintain and enhance the entire for the safeguard of archaeological, set of mining infrastructures for en- documentary, library, photography vironmental, scientific, educational, and cultural industrial heritage? cultural and tourist purposes? Should interventions be public or pri- What can be the design relation vate? How you can involve the diffe- between the geo-archaeological re- rent populations and flows of refuge- mains, clearly defined in its dimen- es, tourists, residents in the care and sion and value, and the shrinking management of the heritage? contemporary city? What are the consequences of mass tourism? Town Planning Design Workshop a.y. 2015-16 Ghost town Laboratory_ Iglesias –Nebida- Masua METHOD The course will be organized as follows: 1_In the first part “Ghost town in my country”, students will start by comparing Iglesias-Nebida-Masua to other protected site and international case studies, and following with a broad investigation and critical reading of Iglesias-Nebida- Masua and its territory. The aim of this first investigation is to grow on specific knowledge and to build a first cultural and strategic reading of the topic. Students will start with an individual exercise and will be divided in 7 groups by the end of October, before the fieldtrip to Iglesias, to Nebida and Masua ghost towns, the geomineral UNESCO landscapes of the former mines and the sea shore. 2_In the second part students, divided in 7 groups, will progressively develop an operative investigation with a bottom-up approach, that is by selecting one specific theme and working at multiple scales simultaneously. The production of this stratified system of knowledge will be interpreted and will drive the design phase. This period will end at the mid of November. 3_In the final part students will be asked to develop asite-specific urban planning projects, with a multi-scale and time-based programmatic strategy and a formal proposal. We expect from students to react to the ambitious course program with a project that is capable to interpret the multiple contemporary approaches to urban design, that is to build-up a consistent narrative in which landscape urbanism, open design guidelines, scenarios, cultural and architectural features may clearly emerge. By the beginning of January the class will establish a common date for the final exam in February. The course will use several disciplinary skills, and in particular: Urbanism leaded by prof. Isabella Inti Architectural design leaded by prof. Caterina Padoa Schioppa Urban design for development leaded by prof. MariaChiara Pastore Furthermore the course will also use research tools and understanding of the area with photographic inquiry leaded by the photographer Filippo Romano The course will have opportunities for disciplinary exchange and comparison with the Urban planning Landscape architecture course of Faculty of Architecture of Alghero, Università degli Studi di Sassari, leaded by Prof. Dipl. Ing Stefan Tischer and prof. Annacaterina Piras. LANDWORKS SARDINIA prof. S. Tischer, AC. Piras.