UNIVERSITY OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND ARCHIPELAGIC MATTERS: THE CASE OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES by ANDREW MARK MACRAE HALLIDAY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ISLAND STUDIES CHARLOTTETOWN, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND MAY, 2013 © ANDREW HALLIDAY 2013 PERMISSION TO USE GRADUATE THESIS Title of Thesis: “Archipelagic Matters: The Case of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Republic of the Philippines”, Name of Author: Mr. Andrew Halliday Faculty: Arts Department/Discipline: Island Studies Degree: Master of Arts Year: 2013 Name of Supervisor(s): Dr. Barry Bartmann Members of Supervisory Committee: Dr. Godfrey Baldacchino In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of Prince Edward Island, the author has agreed that the Robertson Library, University of Prince Edward Island, may make this thesis freely available for inspection and gives permission to add an electronic version of the thesis to the Digital Repository at the University of Prince Edward Island. Moreover the author further agrees that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised the author’s thesis work, or, in their absence, by the Chair of the Department or the Dean of the Faculty in which the author’s thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without the author’s written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to the author and to the University of Prince Edward Island in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in the author’s thesis. Signature: ___________________________ Address: ____________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Date: _______________________________ University of Prince Edward Island Faculty of Arts Charlottetown CERTIFICATION OF THESIS WORK We, the undersigned, certify that Mr. Andrew Halliday, candidate for the degree of Master of Arts (Island Studies) at the University of Prince Edward Island, Canada, has presented a thesis, in partial fulfillment of the degree requirements, with the following title: “Archipelagic Matters: The Case of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Republic of the Philippines”, that the thesis is acceptable in form and content, and that a satisfactory knowledge of the field covered by the thesis was demonstrated by the candidate through an oral examination held on April 8th, 2013. Examiners: Supervisor ___________________________________ Dr. Barry Bartmann Committee member ___________________________________ Dr. Godfrey Baldacchino External examiner ___________________________________ Dr. Richard Campanaro Date: April 8th, 2013 ii Abstract The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) contained a specific section for “Archipelagic States” (Part IV) which are given many rights under the archipelagic regime including, if desired, to designate archipelagic sea lanes (ASLs) through their archipelagic waters. While designation of ASLs is optional, regardless of ASL status, the right of archipelagic sea lane passage (ASLP) for all maritime users is guaranteed. This thesis examines the case of the Republic of the Philippines in designating ASLs and the influences impacting this process at the state and international levels. This thesis argues that the process of adoption of archipelagic sea lanes by mid-ocean archipelagic states is one which favours the maritime powers over the archipelagic states. Further, in relation to the Philippine case, the efforts of the Republic of the Philippines in repeating some actions undertaken by Indonesia during its case, will strengthen the international system bias and end in a result which will be the by-product of interests other than that of the Philippine state. iii Acknowledgements First, I must thank Dr. Barry Bartmann, my supervisor, a renowned political scientist, island scholar, and a pillar of knowledge. I also owe a very heartfelt debt of gratitude to UPEI’s Canada Research Chair in Island Studies, Dr. Godfrey Baldacchino. It is primarily through their efforts that I have completed this step of my learning journey. My sincere thanks to the many scholars from whom I have had the honour of learning a great deal while completing this research: the aforementioned Drs. Bartmann and Baldacchino; UPEI Professor Emeritus of Economics, Dr. Palanisamy Nagarajan; distinguished Visiting Professors; Dr. Stephen A. Royle, Professor of Island Geography, School of Geography, Archaeology and Paleoecology, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland; and Dr. Geoff Bertram, Senior Associate, Institute of Governance and Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. During the course of my program, I spent one semester on an exchange to the University of Malta. I am deeply indebted to the Islands & Small States Institute, led by their Director, Dr. Lino Briguglio. Further thanks are due to Dr. Simone Borg; Ms. Isabelle Pisani, Administrator; and Ms. Marlene Debono, Visiting Students’ Coordinator & Welfare Advisor for International Students, for their assistance in making my stay productive and welcoming. A specific note of thanks to Professor David Attard, Director of the United Nations International Maritime Law Institute; Deputy Director Dr. Norman Martinez; and IMLI Librarian Ms. Verica Cole for their personal accessibility and access to their excellent facilities. A big thank you to UPEI and the many campus community members, far too numerous to name, involved with the Island Studies constellation. Additional recognition is due to the staff of Robertson Library, and to the many partner academic libraries across Canada from whom I received materials through the inter-library loan system. To my fellow Island Studies colleagues, thank you for your friendships, learned opinions and your enthusiasm. Please note that all correspondences, legislation and facts are current as of September 30, 2012. I humbly submit this research to the world and note any factual errors or omissions are my responsibility and solely my own. iv Table of Contents Approval Page…………………………………………………………………………………….ii Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... x Chapter One: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 1.2: BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................... 4 1.3: THESIS OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................... 4 1.4: THESIS SIGNIFICANCE ................................................................................................ 5 1.5: RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................................. 5 1.6: THEORETICAL APPROACH ........................................................................................ 7 1.7: METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 10 1.8: STRUCTURE OF THESIS ........................................................................................... 15 1.9: CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................... 17 Chapter Two: Archipelagos and the Law of the Sea ........................................................... 18 2.1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 18 2.2: LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................................ 20 2.3: THE UNITED NATIONS PROCESS .......................................................................... 22 UNCLOS III ......................................................................................................................... 23 2.4: THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA, 1982 ..... 26 2.5: UNCLOS, 1982 – PART IV: ARCHIPELAGIC STATES .......................................... 29 The Indonesian & Philippine Contributions to Part IV ....................................................... 31 2.6: THE ARCHIPELAGIC CONCEPT .............................................................................