Natural History Sciences. Atti Soc. it. Sci. nat. Museo civ. Stor. nat. Milano, 6 (2): 29-36, 2019 DOI: 10.4081/nhs.2019.429 An annotated key to the species of Gastridium (Poaceae) with distributional novelties to the Italian territory Anna Scoppola Abstract - Gastridium is a Mediterranean-paleotropical genus of INTRODUCTION the Poaceae family, native to Italy. Species number and diversity were Gastridium P.Beauv. is a Mediterranean-paleotropi- imperfectly known until recent taxonomic updates on morphological and molecular basis that enhanced our knowledge of this taxon. The cal genus (Pignatti, 1982; Bolòs & Vigo, 2001) of the present contribution provides a complete key of the genus, encom- Poaceae family (subfamily Pooideae Benth., tribe Poeae passing the four currently known closely related species, G. lainzii, G. R.Br., subtribe Agrostidinae Fr.), sister of the monot- phleoides, G. scabrum, and G. ventricosum. The essential features of ypic, Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian genus Triplach- panicle, spikelets, and florets are specified and briefly discussed. Revi- ne Link (Clayton & Renvoize, 1986; Quintanar et al., sions of ancient and recent herbarium specimens provided three Italian 2007; Saarela & Graham, 2010; Soreng et al. 2015). It distributional novelties for G. phleoides concerning Liguria, Campania, and Puglia and two for G. scabrum concerning Liguria and Basilicata. is represented by few, somewhat similar, annual species In contrast, the distributional ranges of G. scabrum and G. lainzii in inhabiting ephemeral grasslands, shrubby pastures, gar- the W Mediterranean region remain poorly known and await further rigues, forest clearings, hedges, path sides (Scoppola investigations. & Cancellieri, 2019). According to Kellogg (2015), the genus comprises two traditionally well-known species Key words: Gastridium, identification key, Italy, new records, Spain, taxonomic characters. from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East: the Circum-Mediterranean-Paleotropical G. ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz & Thell. (≡ Agrostis ventricosa Gouan), Riassunto - Una chiave annotata per le specie di Gastridium (Poa- and the (Steno)-Mediterranean G. phleoides (Nees & ceae) con novità circa la sua distribuzione nel territorio italiano. Meyen) C.E.Hubb (≡ Lachnagrostis phleoides Nees & Gastridium è un genere mediterraneo-paleotropicale della famiglia delle Poaceae, autoctono in Italia. Il numero e la diversità di specie Meyen) (cf. Doğan, 1985; Scholz, 1986, 1998; Scoppola erano conosciuti in modo imperfetto fino ai recenti aggiornamenti tas- et al., 2017; Romero García, 2019). Nevertheless, lit- sonomici su base morfologica e molecolare che hanno migliorato le erature on Mediterranean flora consistently shows evi- nostre conoscenze su questo taxon. Il presente contributo fornisce una dence of additional morpho-ecological variation within chiave completa del genere, che comprende le quattro specie attual- the genus, suggesting the occurrence of further taxa, mente conosciute, strettamente correlate, G. lainzii, G. phleoides, G. generally overlooked in taxonomic authorities such as scabrum e G. ventricosum. Vengono indicate e brevemente discusse le caratteristiche essenziali di pannocchia, spighette e fiori. La revisione IPNI (www.ipni.org), The Plant List (www.theplantlist. di antichi e recenti esemplari di erbario ha fornito per il territorio ita- org), and Tropicos (www.tropicos.org), all accessed on liano tre novità distributive relative a G. phleoides riguardanti Ligu- March 2019, and in some major treatments (Scholz, ria, Campania e Puglia e due relative a G. scabrum riguardanti Liguria 1986; Valdés & Scholz, 2009; Le Floch et al., 2010). e Basilicata. Al contrario, gli areali di G. scabrum e G. lainzii nella An improved taxonomic framework of the genus was re- regione mediterranea occidentale rimangono poco conosciuti e richie- dono ulteriori indagini. cently derived from the patterns of DNA diversity exist- ing at two plastid (trnH-psbA, trnL-F) and one nuclear Parole chiave: caratteri tassonomici, chiave di identificazione, (ITS) DNA markers (Cardoni & Simeone in litt., 2019). Gastridium, Italia, nuove segnalazioni, Spagna. Notably, this study demonstrated that morphological di- versity has consistent molecular grounds in both genom- es, and likely subtend the existence of more objective species than currently acknowledged. Authors of some Department of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), traditional and recent Mediterranean floras regarded as Tuscia University, via S. Camillo De Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, distinct species of the genus Gastridium three entities Italia. E-mail: [email protected] (e.g., Doğan, 1985; Feinbrun-Dothan, 1986; Dimopou- los et al., 2013; Tison & De Foucault, 2014; Tison et © 2019 Anna Scoppola al., 2014; Pignatti, 2017). This additional entity is the N Steno-Mediterranean G. scabrum C.Presl, whose name Received: 23 July 2019 was either treated as a heterotypic synonym of G. ven- Accepted for publication: 19 September 2019 tricosum or even included in it as an illegitimate or an Online publication: 4 November 2019 invalid name (cf. Tutin, 1980; Valdés & Scholz, 2009; 30 ANNA SCOPPOLA WCSP, 2018; Romero García, 2019). It was validly and cular taxonomic studies, were also selected from UTV. effectively published in 1818 by C. Presl, as highlighted Caryopses of G. scabrum from central Italy and Turkey by Scoppola & Cancellieri (2019) who also confirmed a were germinated in the greenhouse for subsequent obser- taxonomically satisfying circumscription of G. scabrum vations. High-definition images of glumes and dispersal at the species level and provided useful morphological units of G. lainzii were obtained using a Leica IC80 HD characters discriminating the three species. A fourth digital camera under a Leica M60 stereo-microscope and species, G. lainzii (Romero García) Romero Zarco (≡ processed using the application LAS V-3.8. Images of the Gastridium phleoides subsp. lainzii Romero García), other species were selected from our archives. Species has the most restricted distribution area within the ge- delimitation was performed based on Scoppola & Cancel- nus and is still treated as a subspecies of G. phleoides in lieri (2019) and by means of a critical examination of re- the quoted taxonomic authorities. It is known to occur levant and type material available in the herbaria B, CAS, on SW Iberian Peninsula, in Badajoz, Cordoba, Huelva, HAL, PRC, SE, and W (online). Unfortunately, the type Malaga, Seville and Cadiz Provinces and on N Moroc- of G. ventricosum (lectotype indicated by Doğan 1985: co (Romero García, 1996, 2019; Romero Zarco, 2013; 359: A. Gouan in K) could not be checked. Overall, more López Tirado & Scoppola, 2017), although Pike (2007) than 200 specimens were revised. The most significant are has proposed to extend its distribution also to Portugal. reported in the ‘Selected specimens examined’ section. In the Iberian Peninsula G. phleoides and G. ventricosum are also known and regarded as distinct species (Romero García, 2019), while G. scabrum is treated as a syno- IDENTIFICATION KEY TO THE SPECIES OF nym of G. ventricosum. All three species have been re- THE GENUS GASTRIDIUM, INCLUDING THE ported within the Italian territory (Giardina et al., 2007; GENUS TRIPLACHNE Arrigoni, 2015; Pignatti, 2017; Bartolucci et al., 2018), The present key refers to a comprehensive combi- where the occurrence of G. scabrum in Tuscany and G. nation of reliable features allowing a consistent circum- phleoides in Campania remains somewhat unclear (Bar- scription of the four species. It can be useful for a quick tolucci et al., 2018). No author has ever questioned the recognition of Gastridium variability at a larger scale. It specific autonomy or given doubtful occurrences, of G. mostly results from the check of fresh and dried material ventricosum. The close relationships highlighted be- (see ‘Selected specimens examined’) and of several digital tween Triplachne nitens (Guss.) Link and Gastridium, images used in previous studies, as well as from the essen- particularly G. lainzii (Quintanar et al., 2007; Saarela & tial features published by Scoppola & Cancellieri (2019), Graham, 2010; Saarela et al., 2017; Cardoni & Simeone and by previous partial keys. More specifically, all spe- in litt., 2019) reflect previous ideas and current observa- cies have dense (or lobed) spiciform panicles (Fig. 1) with tions about their morpho-ecological similarity (Clayton 1-flowered awned and unawned spikelets, with a different & Renvoize, 1986; Romero García, 1996; Pyke, 2008; rate of heterodiaspory (Tzveley, 1976; Scholz, 1986) in Scoppola & Cancellieri, 2019) that even led Romero any given panicle. Surprisingly, in the recent Flora d’Ita- Zarco (2015) to include Triplachne within Gastridium lia (Pignatti, 2017, 2019) the heterodiaspory has not been (G. nitens (Guss.) Coss. & Durieu). Their precise affini- properly interpreted: the key first splits the species based ties and the possible role of T. nitens in the origin of G. on the presence, in the same panicle, of only awned (G. lainzii still remain unclear. ventricosum, G. phleoides) or unawned lemmas (G. sca- The main obstacles to an unambiguous solution of brum, “resta mancante”), as also reported by Tison et al. current knowledge gaps can be tracked both in the con- (2014), thus indicating G. scabrum as having only unaw- siderable, sometimes overlapping variation exhibited by ned florets. Our observations provide for this species 2-5% some diagnostic characters