Regional Policies and Response to Manage Pastoral Movements within the ECOWAS Region EUROPEAN UNION The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), the European Union (EU) and the Economic Community for West African States (ECOWAS). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any opinion, whatsoever on the part of IOM, ILO, ICMPD, EU, or ECOWAS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. 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Regional Policies and Response to Manage Pastoral Movements within the ECOWAS Region Study on behalf of the International Organization for Migration (IOM), within the framework of the Support to Free Movement of Persons and Migration in West Africa (FMM West Africa) Project Prepared for IOM by Manuela Leonhardt, consultant REGIONAL POLICIES AND RESPONSE TO MANAGE PASTORAL MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE ECOWAS REGION TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS ..........................................................................................................................................................................V GLOSSARY ..............................................................................................................................................................................................VII 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................................................1 2. OVERVIEW OF PASTORALIST TRANSHUMANCE IN WEST AFRICA............................................................3 3. CHALLENGES OF PASTORALIST TRANSHUMANCE..............................................................................................7 4. REGIONAL POLICIES AND FRAMEWORKS ON PASTORALIST TRANSHUMANCE .........................11 4.1. ECOWAS ..............................................................................................................................................................................12 4.2. Other regional frameworks on pastoralism in West Africa ..........................................................................16 4.3. African Union ......................................................................................................................................................................18 4.4. FAO Voluntary Guidelines .............................................................................................................................................19 4.5. Bilateral agreements on cross-border transhumance ........................................................................................20 4.6. Assessment of regional strategic frameworks on transhumance .................................................................21 5. LEGISLATION, POLICIES AND PRACTICE REGARDING PASTORALIST TRANSHUMANCE IN NIGERIA .................................................................................................................................................................................25 5.1. Dynamics of pastoralist transhumance in Nigeria ...............................................................................................25 5.2. Legislation and policies on pastoralist transhumance in Nigeria ...................................................................31 5.3. Key actors in the field of pastoralist transhumance in Nigeria......................................................................34 5.4. Conclusions on the impact of regional and national policies on conflicts related to pastoralist transhumance in Nigeria ....................................................................................................................35 6. LEGISLATION, POLICIES AND PRACTICE REGARDING PASTORALIST TRANSHUMANCE IN MALI ...........................................................................................................................................................................................37 6.1. Dynamics of pastoralist transhumance in Mali .....................................................................................................37 6.2. Legislation and policies on pastoralist transhumance in Mali .........................................................................42 6.3. Key actors in the field of pastoralist transhumance in Mali ............................................................................48 6.4. Conclusions on the impact of regional and national policies on conflicts related to pastoralist transhumance in Mali ..........................................................................................................................49 iii 7. LEGISLATION, POLICIES AND PRACTICE REGARDING PASTORALIST TRANSHUMANCE IN THE NIGER ..................................................................................................................................51 7.1. Dynamics of pastoralist transhumance in the Niger ..........................................................................................51 7.2. Legislation and policies on pastoralist transhumance in the Niger ..............................................................56 7.3. Key actors in the field of pastoralist transhumance in the Niger .................................................................60 7.4. Conclusions on the impact of regional and national policies on conflicts related to pastoralist transhumance in the Niger ...............................................................................................................60 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .........................................................................................................61 8.1. General conclusions .........................................................................................................................................................61 8.2. Recommendations.............................................................................................................................................................63 ANNEX 1: LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS .......................................................................................................................................65 ANNEX 2: DOCUMENTATION ..................................................................................................................................................71 iv REGIONAL POLICIES AND RESPONSE TO MANAGE PASTORAL MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE ECOWAS REGION LIST OF ACRONYMS AFD Agence Française de Développement AOPP Association des Organisations Professionnelles Paysannes, Mali APESS Association pour la Promotion de l’Élevage au Sahel et en Savane AQMI Organisation al-Qaïda au Maghreb islamique AREN Association pour la redynamisation de l’élevage au Niger AU African Union AU-IBAR African Union – Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources AVSF Agronomes et Vétérinaires Sans Frontières CAPAN Collectif des Associations de Pasteurs et Agropasteurs du Niger CILSS Comité Permanent Inter Etats de lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel CIRAD Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement CNCR Comité national du code rural, le Niger COFO Commission foncière, le Niger/Mali COFOCOM Commission Foncière Communale, le Niger COFODEP Commission Foncière Départementale, le Niger COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CORET Confederation of Traditional Herder Organization, Nigeria DfID Department for International Development DGPN Direction Générale de la Police Nationale, le Niger ECOWAS Economic Community Of West African States FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FEBEVIM Fédération Nationale Groupement Interprofessionnel de la Filière Bétail-Viande au Mali FLM Front de Libération du Macina, Mali GDP Gross Domestic Product GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German development cooperation) HACP Haute Autorité à la Consolidation de la Paix, le Niger IER Institut d’Economie Rurale, le Niger v INSAH Institut du Sahel, le Niger IOM International Organization for Migration ITC International Transhumance Certificate MACBAN Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria MNLA Mouvement National de Libération de l'Azawad, Mali