Mycotoxin Contamination of Corn What it is, what it does to pigs and what can be done about it John Patience, Ph.D. Dr. Steve Ensley, D.V.M., Ph.D. Department of Animal Science Department of Veterinary Diagnostics Iowa State University and Production Animal Medicine Iowa State University Summary Mycotoxins in corn are produced by certain molds which than 20 parts per billion (ppb) of aflatoxin, in order to remove risk infect the ears of corn. Molds may be present without the to the final pork product. production of mycotoxins, but mycotoxins cannot be produced in the absence of molds. The mycotoxins of greatest interest to Vomitoxin, or DON (deoxynivalenol,) causes reduced feed pork producers are aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol (also known as intake and weight gain when present in the feed at 1-3 parts per vomitoxin or DON), fumonisin, zearalenone and occasionally million (ppm), with younger pigs being most susceptible. Cattle ochratoxin and T-2 toxin. A number of ear rots are capable of and poultry can tolerate much higher levels of DON than pigs. producing mycotoxin-producing molds. These include DON is often found in association with another mycotoxin, Fusarium Ear Rot, Gibberella Ear Rot and Aspergillus Ear Rot. zearalenone, because both are produced by the same mold. Diplodia Ear Rot is common in Iowa, but so far, it has not been observed to cause formation of mycotoxins. The various ear Fumonisins comprise a family of mycotoxins to which horses rots are favored by different environmental conditions, so each and donkeys are most susceptible. For pigs, feed levels of total may occur in different years. fumonisins below 10 ppm are recommended. While weather conditions are an important contributor to mold Ochratoxin affects the kidney first, but also can attack other infection, producers do have some control over the extent of tissues and organs as well. Feed levels below 0.2 ppm are infection that might occur. For example, insect control in corn recommended for swine to protect their health. will help to prevent damage to kernels that encourage mold growth. Screening corn to remove broken or otherwise T-2 toxin is less common than DON, but more toxic, causing damaged kernels and storing corn at 14% moisture or less will feed refusal, vomiting and damage to the gut. In some cases, also discourage mold growth. Cleaning grain storage by it can be fatal. For pigs, levels of T-2 toxin in the feed below removing old grain before new crop corn is added will help to 2 ppm are recommended. avoid contamination from one year to the next. Finally, zearalenone is an estrogenic toxin meaning it mimics Aflatoxin is perhaps the mycotoxin of greatest concern because it the effects of estrogen, leading to infertility, pseudopregnancy represents a risk to human as well as animal health. Because and prolapse. Levels should be kept below 1 ppm for piglets aflatoxin can accumulate in the meat, this is a public health issue and 3 ppm for growing pigs. that cannot be ignored. Feed for market pigs cannot contain more Introduction Mycotoxins in corn are produced when certain molds infect the stable chemical compounds. However, without exception, ears of corn. Molds produce mycotoxins only under certain mycotoxins will not exist in corn if molds either are not environmental conditions, so testing for molds is not an accurate growing or have not grown on the corn. way to determine the presence of mycotoxins. Furthermore, not all molds cause mycotoxins, but mycotoxins in corn cannot exist Molds are caused by organisms called fungi (plural for fungus) unless molds are present. In fact, thousands of molds are capable that attach themselves to soil, decaying organic matter and plants of growing on corn, but only a very few species actually produce such as corn. Hundreds of thousands of molds have been identi- mycotoxins – and only under certain conditions. Therefore, the fied, but only a few cause health problems in livestock or humans. safety of corn as a feedstuff for pigs cannot be ascertained simply Other fungi include mildews, yeasts, mushrooms and puffballs. by its appearance. Fungi are a rather primitive form of life, and are either parasitic, meaning they depend on other living things for nutrients, or The mycotoxins of most concern to pork producers are aflatoxin, saprobic, meaning they live on dead and decaying matter for deoxynivalenol (also known as DON or vomitoxin), fumonisin, nutrients. Fungi are widespread, and can be either desirable or zearalenone, and occasionally ochratoxin and T-2. T-2 toxin is a undesirable organisms. For example, they cause diaper rash, concern because it is much more potent, but it is much less athlete’s foot, many allergies and thrush in humans, but are also common than DON even though they are produced by the same used to produce antibiotics and antitoxins. The point is that fungi molds. These six mycotoxins are produced by ear rot in corn. are present in the world around us, and life would be very different without them – both positively and negatively. Notwithstanding the above, there are unique circumstances when mycotoxins could be present in corn, without any visible mold. For This fact sheet has been prepared to provide background example, treatment with propionic acid can remove the mold but information on mycotoxins and practical management leave the mycotoxins behind because mycotoxins are extremely recommendations for corn growers, pork producers, nutritionists and veterinarians involved in the pig industry. IPIC 12 March 2010 Corn molds Mold on corn is of particular interest, because it can cause A cottony white or light grey mold, or possibly a pink or salmon deterioration in feeding quality and produce mycotoxins color growing on and between individual corn kernels. Infected which affect pig performance and health. Mold also can kernels will turn grey to brown or have white streaks in them. affect corn stalks, and while that has implications for yield and ease of harvest, it is not of direct interest in the feeding At the present time, little is known about the specific conditions of pigs unless, of course, pigs are being housed on corn stalks that favor Fusarium Ear Rot. However, because it is common – for bedding. Some molds, however, may start growing on the most fields in the Corn Belt are infected every year – the stalk, and later migrate to the cob. Molds are more likely to conditions probably are not very specific. For example, it can be found in corn grown under minimum till conditions, as grow over a wide range of temperatures and moisture conditions. compared to fields plowed or mixed-tilled. However, it is known that Fusarium Ear Rot is most severe in dry years. It is also thought that Fusarium Ear Rot may be most Not all molds produce toxins. While non-toxic molds may influenced by the degree of insect damage to the grain. A 2009 not be harmful to pigs, the damage they cause to corn kernels survey in Iowa revealed that hail damage also can contribute to can result in low yield, quality and nutritive value. mold and mycotoxin problems. Mold-free corn can become infected in the grain bin, and mold growth can continue from the field into the storage bin What Does One Part Per Million (ppm) if the conditions are right. Mold growth requires moisture, so Really Mean? drying corn is an important step in breaking the cycle of mold If you think of an acre of land, 1 ppm is one-sixth of a growth in stored corn. However, even seemingly clean, dry square inch. Des Moines and Minneapolis are 244 corn can become infected in the bin if conditions are right. miles apart; 1 ppm is 15 inches of that total distance. For example, in the spring, wide changes in temperature and In other words, 1 ppm is very small, and yet a few humidity can encourage mold growth, especially when ppm of some mycotoxins can cause severe production condensation occurs in the bin. Therefore, bins should be and health problems in pigs. checked in the spring to ensure heating and mold growth are not occurring. Gibberella Ear Rot A number of molds affect the ears of corn and cause a Gibberella Ear Rot is caused by the fungus Gibberella zeae number of diseases, including Diplodia Ear Rot, Gibberella which can survive in crop residue and soil, and like all molds Ear Rot, Fusarium Ear Rot and Aflatoxin Ear Rot. is carried by spores in the air. It differs from other molds in that it appears as a reddish or pink mold that typically starts at Diplodia Ear Rot the tip of the cob, not at the base or in the middle of the cob. Diplodia Ear Rot is caused by the fungus Diplodia maydis Cool weather during the first 5 days of silking favors which can survive in crop residues and soil, and is spread by Gibberella Ear Rot infection. tiny airborne spores. Typically, infection begins at the base of the cob and moves upward. However, it also can begin in Grain that overwinters in the field can be severely infected the stalk as Diplodia Stalk Rot, in which case the infection with Gibberella Ear rot and high levels of associated mycotoxins. moves from the stalk into the shank of the cob. Severe infestation will cause kernels to turn a grayish brown color. Aspergillus Ear Rot Diplodia is characterized by a white mold growth covering Aspergillus Ear Rot can be caused by either of two fungi: kernels and small sack-like spore cases inside the infected Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus parasiticus. The former kernel; these sacs appear on the outside of the kernel or husk appears as a yellow-green mold, the latter as a gray-green as raised black bumps.