Science Horizon Volume 5 Issue 12 December, 2020 President, Odisha Bigyan Academy Editorial Board Prof. Pramod Chandra Mishra Prof. Niranjan Barik Editor Prof. Ramesh Chandra Parida Er. Mayadhar Swain Dr. Choudhury Satyabrata Nanda Managing Editor Dr. Rajballav Mohanty Er. Bhagat Charan Mohanty Secretary, Odisha Bigyan Academy Dr. Nilambar Biswal CONTENTS Subject Author Page 1. Editorial : Energy Security of India Er. Mayadhar Swain 2 2. Energy Resources Prof. Balaram Sahoo 5 3. Harnessing Nuclear Energy Dr. Mridula Mishra 12 4. Thermal Power Plant: Theory & Mechanism Ansuman Dash 16 5. Hydropower Resources Er. Jaya Prakash Chand 20 6. The Need For Renewable Energy Sources Dr. Sanjeeb Kumar Das 25 7. Solar Energy Satyaranjan Jena 31 8. Wind Energy Subhendu Kumar Santra 34 Dr. Banishree Mishra 9. Waste to Energy: An Ecofriendly and Effective Municipal Prof. Pramod Chandra Mishra 42 Solid Waste Management Strategy 10. Energy From Sea Dr. Arjyadhara Pradhan 46 Dr. Babita Panda 11. Geothermal Energy: A Never-Ending Energy Soumyashree Nanda 50 Source Beneath Our Feet Shreerup Goswami 12. Geothermal Springs of Odisha - A Renewable Energy Resource Sahid Ummar 59 13. Hydrogen Energy Er. Ramesh Chandra Sahoo 61 14. Biodiesel - Fuel For Thought Dr. Manas Ranjan Senapati 64 15. Fuel From Carbon Dioxide Dr. Ramesh Chandra Parida 66 16. Towards Clean Energy Dr. Nikhilananda Panigrahy 68 17. Energy Scenario in Rural Area - Tips for Renewable Sources Dr. Bijay Ketan Patnaik 71 18. Contents of the ‘Science Horizon - 2020’ 75 The Cover Page depicts : Nuclear, Thermal and Hydroelectric Power Plant Cover Design : Kalakar Sahoo DECEMBER, 2020 // EDITORIAL // ENERGY SECURITY OF INDIA Energy is one of the most important has created a great environmental problem. building blocks in human development, and as Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which such, acts as a key factor in determining the causes global warming and climate change. economic development of any county. Future India has committed in the Paris Agreement to economic growth of a country depends on the reduce greenhouse emission by 30-35% from long-run availability of energy from sources 2005 level and to have 40% of electricity that are affordable, accessible and from renewable sources by 2030. So naturally environmental friendly. the share of thermal power will decrease. But India, one of the fastest growing major it is not possible to drastically reduce thermal economies, is also the fastest growing energy power generation because renewable energy consumer of the world. With over a billion is not highly reliable. people, a fifth of the world population, India India, with 17% of the world population, ranks sixth in the world in terms of energy has just 0.8% of the world’s known oil and demand. The demand for energy is growing at natural gas resources. As on 31.03.2018, India about 10% per year and in coming years it will has total reserves of 594.49 million tonnes accelerate further if ‘Make in India’ programme (0.5% of global reserve) of crude oil and is carried out earnestly. At the time of 1339.57 Billion Cubic Meter (BCM) of natural independence, the installed capacity of electricity gas. Today, oil accounts for 30% of India’s generation in the country was 1362 MW and as primary energy use and it is increasing year by on 31st October 2020 it has reached at 373436 year. India’s domestic production is not MW. Similarly in 1947, the per capita sufficient to meet its demand and it imports consumption of electricity in the country was 16 70% of its crude oil needs. Natural gas currently units and by March 2019 it was 1181 units. provides 8% of India’s primary energy supply India’s more than 50% of energy needs and most of it comes from domestic sources. is derived from coal, mainly for electricity. Nuclear power is clear and environmental There is plenty of coal available in India. As on friendly. India has 22 nuclear reactors in 31.03.2018 the estimated amount of coal and operation with installed capacity of 6,780 lignite reserve was respectively 319.04 billion MW. Further 6 reactors with capacity of 4,800 tonnes and 45.66 billion tonnes and it will MW are under construction. The share of remain India’s most important energy source nuclear power is less than 2% in India’s total for the decades ahead. However, the percentage electricity generation. India has planned to of coal in India’s energy mix will decline in increase the capacity to 64,000 MW by 2032. future. It is due to the emission of carbon The main obstacle for growth of nuclear power dioxide from the combustion of coal which 2 Science Horizon DECEMBER, 2020 in the country is the availability of uranium, Apart from hydropower other renewable the fuel for the reactor. sources are solar, wind, bio-energy and small After India-US nuclear agreement, we hope hydel, on which India is emerging as a new to import uranium for our nuclear plants. In fact, normative player. The total potential for this agreement has pushed the energy security to renewable power generation in the country as on the core of India’s foreign policy. After this, 31.03.2018 is estimated as 1,096,081 MW. This India has also made civilian nuclear agreement includes solar power of 748,990 MW (68.33%), with a number of other countries including wind power of 302,251MW (27.58%), small- France, Russia, Canada, Australia, Japan and U.K. hydro power of 19,749 MW (1.80%), biomass Further, thorium is another energy metal power of 17,536 MW (1.60%), 500 MW which is available in plenty in India. Research (0.46%) from bagasse-based cogeneration in is going on in the country to harness nuclear sugar mills and 2,554 MW (0.23%) from waste- power from thorium. to-energy. Keeping in mind our commitment to the Paris Agreement, India is pursuing hard to India has immense amount of hydro- increase the share of renewable power. It has electric potential. As estimated by Central fixed a target of 175,000 MW to be installed by Electricity Authority, the hydroelectric potential 2022. Out of this share of solar, wind, bio- of the country is 148,700 MW at 60% load energy and small hydel is respectively 100,000 factor. The present installed capacity of MW, 60,000 MW, 10,000 MW and 5,000 MW. hydropower is 45,699 MW which is 12.25.% of total electricity generation capacity in the country. India has a great potential to generate Although India has tremendous potential, there solar power. Most part of India have 300-350 are many difficulties and obstacles for its sunny days in a year, which is equivalent to development. Most of the remaining hydro over 5000 trillion kWh per year-more than potential lies in the Himalayan region with difficult India’s total energy consumption per year. The terrain for access. Further, as large hydro projects daily average solar energy incident over India 2 submerge large areas, particularly forest land, varies from 4 to 7 kWh/m / day with about there is opposition from environmentalists. For 1500 - 2000 sunshine hours per year grid stability, the share of hydropower should be (depending upon location). India had launched about 40%. But in our country it has gradually Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission in decreased from 40% in 1980 to 12.25% in 2020. 2010 with the target of installing 20,000 MW Government of India has taken initiative to install of solar power by 2022 and it was upgraded to large hydro projects with total capacity of 50,000 100,000 MW in 2014. As on October 2020, MW. Although, the program was launched in the installed capacity of solar power in the 2003, no appreciable progress has been made till country is 36,317.57 MW and considering the date and only one project of 96 MW capacity has projects under construction, it can be assured been commissioned in Sikkim. Hydropower is a that we may exceed our target. It is to be noted renewable and conventional source of power which that the two largest solar power plants in the should be encouraged. world are in our country at Bhadla in Rajasthan Science Horizon 3 DECEMBER, 2020 (2,250 MW) and Shakti Sthala in Karnataka mills. Further, electricity is generated from urban (2,050 MW). municipality solid wastes called waste-to-energy. India is endowed with a large, viable and At present, the installed capacity of bio-energy economically exploitable wind power potential. is 10,146 MW and waste-to-energy is 168.64 At present, India’s installed capacity of wind MW. power is 38,263.05 MW, mainly spread over There is potential of 40,000 MW ocean Tamilnadu (9,304 MW), Gujarat (7,542 MW), energy along the 600 km of coast. This is in Maharashtra (5,000 MW), Karnataka (4,791 form of tidal energy, Ocean Thermal Energy MW), Rajasthan (4,300 MW), Madhya Pradesh Conversion (OTEC) and wave power. Although (2,520 MW) and Andhra Pradesh (4,093 MW). research for exploring this type of energy has India ranks 4th in the world in wind power started in 1980s, we have not progressed much. generation after China, USA and Germany. According to the estimate of the Indian Small hydel plants, have become government, the country has a potential of necessitated to avoid the submergence by large 8,000 MW of tidal power. This includes about hydro power plants. Present installed capacity 7,000 MW in the Gulf of Combay in Gujarat, of small hydel in the country is 4,740 MW.