Volume 5, Issue 7, July – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165 Assessment of the Refuse Collection Charges in Covering Waste Management Cost: The Case of ILALA Municipality -Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania TP. Dr. Hussein M. Omar, Registered Town Planner and Environmental Officer, Vice President Office-Division of Environment (United Republic of Tanzania), P.O .Box 2502, Dodoma, Tanzania. Abstract:- The world urban population is expected to II. OBJECTIVE increase by 72 per cent by 2050, to reach nearly 6 billion in 2050 from 3 billion in 2011 (UN, 2012, Hussein 2019). The study aimed at assessing RCCs collection By mid-century the world urban population will likely efficiency in covering solid waste management Cost in Ilala be the same size as the world’s total population was in Municipality. 2002 (UN, 2011, and Hussein, 2018). Although the global average in 2014 reached 54 per cent, the Specific Objectives percentages are already around 80% in the Americas, To analyse waste management database for Ilala and over 70% in Europe and Oceania, but only 48% in Municipality Asia and 40% in Africa (UN, 2014, Hussein, 2019). To analyses the challenges for effective RCCs collection in Ilala Municipality I. INTRODUCTION To recommend on the best practice In Tanzania statistical trend indicates that proportion III. LITERATURE REVIEW of the population living in urban areas is ever-increasing. According to URT, 2002 in Bakanga 2014, the urbanisation A. Theories and Concepts rate increased from 5% in 1967 to 13% in 1978 and from Governance Concept 21% in 1988 to 27% in 2002. In the country, Dar es Salaam According to Landell-Mills and Serageldin (1991, is the largest City, which has doubled its population to 3.3 p. 14) Governance defined as the use of political power to million inhabitants in 20 years (UN-Habitat, 2008, Hussein, manage a nation's affairs. It encompasses the state's 2019). The City has reached 4.6 million populations in institutional and structural arrangements, decision-making 2012 (URT, 2012). Currently, the City is estimated to have processes, and implementation capacity, and the reached 5.3 million populations (URT, 2018) relationship between government officials and the public. In another development Chazan, 1992:122 defined Governance Rapid urbanization in developing countries including as the capacity to establish and sustain workable relations Tanzania has increased pressure on urban infrastructure and between individual actors in order to promote collective henceforth resulting into poor urban service delivery goals (Chazan, 1992:122). It was further defined by including waste collection services (Hussein, 2018). Galadima (1998:117) as; a process of organizing and Several scholars including Kironde 1999; Majani 2002; managing legitimate power structures, entrusted by the Kyessi, 2002 and Tibaijuka, 2007 and Babyebonela 2013 people, to provide law and order, protect fundamental have highlighted that adequate resource as pre-requisite for human rights, ensure rule of law and due process of law, effective solid waste management. provide for the basic needs and welfare of the people and the pursuit of their happiness. In Tanzania Refuse Collection Charges (RCCs) have been used by most Local Government Authorities as source Management of Refuse Collection Charges involves of finance for covering waste management cost. In 2019, several stakeholders and various processes. The involved Moshi, Iringa, and Arusha, Local Government Authorities processes include establishment of the inventory of the (LGAs) were named as the first, the second and the third service recipients; identification, recruitment and cleanest LGAs in the country respectively. However, the management of the personnel for the collection of RCCs; RCCs bases for the three LGAs are far less compared to the Establishment of the RCCs collection systems; Management RCCs base for LGAs in Dar es Salaam, City including of the collected RCCs, and Development of accountability Ilala, Municipality. Therefore, despite the presence of other and enforcement mechanisms systems. factors that might affect efficiency in waste management services, it is the interest of this study to assess the efficiency in the collection of Refuse Collection Charges in meeting waste management cost in Ilala Municipality. IJISRT20JUL773 www.ijisrt.com 1004 Volume 5, Issue 7, July – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165 The effectiveness of each process depends on the Organization theory effectiveness of the roles played by each stakeholder. The According to Meyer, (2008), Organisations can be key role of the Government to establish and sustain workable described as “structures of recognized and accepted roles”. relations among actors is very vital in enhancing effective Further, Max Weber, added that an organization must RCCs management. Based on that this paper uses Chazan, adhere to specified set of rules and hierarchy of officials (1992) and Galadima (1998:117) concepts of governance placed within the organization based on their skill and which emphasize on the capacity of the Government to expertise in performing particular roles (Stenlås, 1999). establish and sustain workable relations between individual actors in order to promote collective goals and provision of Moreover, Kyessi (2002:66) in Kalwani (2009) and basic needs and welfare of the people respectively. Hussein (2018) has included Technology as among the components in resource mobilization such as RCCs collection. The theory will be used to guide in the assessment of the distribution of roles and responsibility in the RCCs. Conceptualizing resource enhancement for effective waste collection services Fig 1 Source: Own construct,( 2020) Data reliability reforming billing processes, coupled with strengthening Effective RCCs collection requires full understanding collection processes, has improved revenue collection. on the potential number of the customers that are expected to pay for the rendered services. Reliable data guarantee Convenient Payment system realistic budget estimation in the planning for waste Convenience in the payment of bills for a rendered management service especially during tendering processes service is vital for effective revenue collection. The where waste collection services privatized under Public payment process has to be simple and accessible. Long Private Partnership approach. The required data may queue or complicated process may discourage the include the amount of waste generated, the expected willingness of the services recipients to pay for the offered amount of waste to be collected, the expected operational service. Adoption of user friendly technology such as costs, the scope of service coverage, and the expected mobile payments plays a greater role in motivating revenue to be collected. Also, reliable data will be very customers to pay for the offered services. useful in the enforcement process and consequently, guarantee efficiency in the collection of RCCs. Transparency systems Effective management of the collected RCCs requires Effective Bill Delivery transparency systems that enable the tracking of a very Billing processes play a critical role in revenue for a single cent that collected. Such systems are also essentials number of public sector organisations including in enhancing the accountability and promoting the culture municipalities (Rao, 2012). In the delivery of public of compliance. The technology that enhances transparency services, including waste management services billing can be used in the area registration of service recipients, bill drives cash flow and is the key source of information for delivery and payment. customers using these services (ibid). In many countries, IJISRT20JUL773 www.ijisrt.com 1005 Volume 5, Issue 7, July – 2020 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165 Effective Enforcement The Environment Management (Solid Waste Regulations Enforcement is one of the vital areas in the collection of 2009), Public Procurement Act (PPA), 2011 (amended of revenues including RCCs. It is almost very common to 2016); and Public Procurement Act Regulations of 2013 that have defaulters in the revenue collection. However, the (Amended in 2016) and Local Government By-laws. Also, extent at which the enforcement is carried out is very vital various published papers and thesis on waste management in encouraging people to pay for the services. were reviewed. IV. METHODOLOGY V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The methodology involves a purposeful selection of Lack of Reliable Waste Management Data 12 (100%) formal waste collection service providers in the Solid waste management data include waste Municipality and 10 Ward Executive Officers at the Central generation, collection, recycling and re-use, and solid Business District and 5 Municipal officials from waste waste and management disposal. Management department and Finance department. The selected service providers were GREEN WASTEPRO, Lack of reliable waste generation data TIRIMA, and SATEK; PICK TRADING, KMUJ, GIN In Ilala Municipality it was found that there is no TRADERS, MANDELA GROUP, WAJANE reliable waste statistics and waste characterization studies STAKISHARI MAZINGIRA, MWANGAZA VICOBA to define the quantity and quality of waste generated. The MAZINGIRA, MAVONDA COMPANY LTD, MAJOHE available waste management data was established by JICA GROUP, KIMWEDE and KAJENJELE.