PATHOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AGAINST DECLINE DISEASE COMPLEX OF MANGO, MANGIFERA INDICA L. Ph.D THESIS BY AHMED PANHWAR REG. NO. 2004-200 DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY FACULTY OF CROP PROTECTION SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, TANDO JAM 2015 i PATHOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AGAINST DECLINE DISEASE COMPLEX OF MANGO, MANGIFERA INDICA L. BY AHMED PANHWAR REG. NO. 2004-200 A THESIS SUBMITTED THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY, FACULTY OF CROP PROTECTION, TO SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, TANDO JAM IN CONNECTION WITH THE FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTERS PARTICULARS PAGE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE BY THE i SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE RESEARCH CERTIFICATE ii THESIS RELEASE FORM iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF APPENDICES vii ABSTRACT ix I INTRODUCTION 1 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8 III MATERIALS AND METHODS 17 IV RESULTS 28 V DISCUSSION 62 VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 85 LITERATURE CITED 88 APPENDICES 100 iii PATHOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AGAINST DECLINE DISEASE COMPLEX OF MANGO, MANGIFERA INDICA L. BY AHMED PANHWAR APPROVAL CERTIFICATE BY THE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE 1. SUPERVISOR DR. MAQSOOD ANWAR RUSTAMANI Professor Department of Entomology Faculty of Crop Protection Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam 2. CO-SUPERVISOR-I DR. ABDUL MUBEEN LODHI Associate Professor Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Crop Protection Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam 3. CO-SUPERVISOR-II DR. RAB DINO KHUHRO Professor (Retired) Department of Entomology Faculty of Crop Protection Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam Date of Thesis Defence: _________________________2015 i DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY FACULTY OF CROP PROTECTION SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, TANDO JAM RESEARCH CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the present research work embodied in this thesis entitled “PATHOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AGAINST DECLINE DISEASE COMPLEX OF MANGO, MANGIFERA INDICA L.” has been carried out by Mr. Ahmed Panhwar, in connection with the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Pathology, under my supervision and guidance and that the work is original. Date:__________________ (DR. MAQSOOD ANWAR RUSTAMANI) PROFESSOR AND RESEARCH SUPERVISOR ii SINDH AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, TANDO JAM THESIS RELEASE FORM I, Ahmed Panhwar, hereby authorize the Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam to supply copies of thesis to libraries or individuals upon request. (Signature) (Date) iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author expresses his deepest admire to the supremacy of “Almighty ALLAH”, Who created the universe and bestowed the humanity with knowledge. The author is especially thankful to his major supervisor, Dr. Maqsood Anwar Rustamani, Professor, Department of Entomology and Dean, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam, for his kind supervision to complete Ph.D dissertation. The scholar pays dedication to his co-supervisors, Dr. Abdul Mubeen Lodhi, Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection and Dr. Rab Dino Khuhro, Professor (Retired), Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam, for their guidance to accomplish Ph.D dissertation. The author is greatly thankful to Dr. Shafi Muhammad Nizamani, Professor (Retired), Department of Plant Protection, Mr. Qamaruddin Abbasi, Associate Professor (Retired), Department of Plant Protection, Dr. Muhammad Ali Khanzada, Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection and Mr. Muhammad Mithal Jiskani, Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam, for their technical help to complete Ph.D dissertation. The author is extremely grateful to Professor Dr. Mujeeb ur Rehamn Sehari, Vice Chancellor, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam, for quick efforts for processing of his PhD thesis. The scholar is highly thankful to Dr. A.Q. Mughal Ex-Vice Chancellor, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam, for wave off admission and tution fees, Dr. Manzoor Hussain Soomro, Ex- Chairman, Pakistan Science Foundation, Islamabad, for his help to award PSF fellowship for Ph.D studies. The author is also grateful to Mir Muzaffar Ali Talpur, Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection and Mr. Mazhar Ali Qureshi, Associate Professor (Retired), Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Professor Dr. Rehmatullah Rind Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Dr. Illahi Bux Kalhoro, Associate Professor Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam, for their cooperation to complete PhD dissertation. Finally, the author is thankful to his family members for their support to success in Ph.D. AHMED PANHWAR iv LIST OF TABLES TABLE PARTICULARS PAGE The scale for assessing the severity of decline disease 3.1 17 complex on mango trees. The scale for recording the disease symptoms on inoculated 3.2 21 mango seedlings. The scale for recording the disease symptoms on inoculated 3.3 22 mango trees of different mango varieties. List of different pesticides evaluated against decline disease 3.4 25 complex of mango under field conditions. Severity (%) of decline disease complex in major mango 4.1 34 growing districts of Sindh. Incidence (%) of decline disease complex in major 4.2 36 mango growing districts of Sindh. Frequency of fungi isolated from mango tree parts with 4.3 37 decline disease complex at different localities. Frequency of fungi isolated from bark beetles collected 4.4 39 from mango trees with decline disease complex. Infection size (%) on mango trees inoculated with C. 4.5 fimbriata and F. solani causing mango decline disease 42 complex. Disease severity on mango seedlings inoculated with 4.6 Ceratocystis fimbriata and Fusarium solani causing mango 43 decline disease complex. Impact of temperature and relative humidity on incidence 4.7 (%) of decline disease complex on different mango trees 50 ages recorded from March, 2005 to February, 2006. Mean severity (%) of decline disease complex on mango 4.8 53 trees of different varieties at different localities. Incidence (%) of decline disease complex on mango trees of 4.9 55 different varieties at different localities. Frequency of fungi isolated from disease trees of different 4.10 56 mango varieties. Impact of applied irrigation frequency and tactics used for 4.11 57 management of mango decline disease complex. Evaluation of different pesticides against decline disease 4.12 61 complex of mango under field conditions. v LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PARTICULARS PAGE 4.1 Healthy and declined/dead mango trees (A & B). 29 The small holes made by the bark beetle on the trunk bark (A), in the trunk bark (B), in trunk wood (C) and galleries made by the insect vector (D); decaying of bark/ 4.2 development of infection court on affected trunk of 30 mango trees without gummosis (E) and with gummosis (F). Affected mango trees showing exudation of gum (A & 4.3 B); splitting of trunk bark (C) and branch bark (D); 31 vascular discoloration of affected woods (E). Diseased mango trees showing dieback symptoms (A & 4.4 32 B) and sequential drying of the main branches (B & C). Partially declined mango tree (A), completely declining 4.5 33 mango trees (B & C). Mean frequency of fungi isolated from mango trees with 4.6 38 decline disease complex at different localities. Mean frequency of fungi isolated from mango bark 4.7 40 beetles collected from different localities. Culture plates of re-isolated fungi, C. fimbriata (A) and 4.8 44 F. solani (B). Disease severity on mango seedlings inoculated with C. 4.9 fimbriata and F. solani (A, B & C) as compared to un- 45 inoculated (D) in experimental field of the Faculty. Culture plates (A & B), asexual conidia (C & D) and 4.10 sexual structures (E, F & G) of predominent fungus C. 47 fimbriata Ellis & Halst. Ambrosia bark beetle, Hypocryphalus mangiferae Stebbing (Scolytidae: Coleoptera). Eggs (A), larva (B), 4.11 48 grub (C), adult (D), beetle feeding on mango trunk (E) and (F) small holes on mango trunk made by the beetle. Correlation between monthly mean incidence of mango 4.12 51 decline disease complex and temperature (°C). Correlation between monthly mean incidence of mango 4.13 52 decline disease complex and RH %. Correlation between incidence (%) of mango decline 4.14 disease complex and irrigation frequency applied during 58 the year. Impact of different irrigation sources on incidence (%) of 4.15 mango decline disease complex in orchards with poor 60 and proper management categories. vi LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX PARTICULARS PAGE Analysis of variance for frequency of fungi isolated I from different mango tree parts collected from different 100 localities. II Analysis of variance for frequency of fungi isolated 100 from mango bark beetles. III Size of infection length and breadth under mango bark 100 due to artificial inoculation of the complex causing agents. IV Analysis of variance table for infection size on 100 inoculated mango trees with C. fimbriata and F. solani. Disease severity on mango seedlings inoculated with C. V fimbriata and F. solani causing mango decline disease 101 complex. Analysis of variance for disease severity on mango VI seedlings inoculated with C. fimbriata and F. solani 101 causing mango decline disease complex. Record of major monthly environmental factors of VII March 2005 to February 2006 enhancing incidence of 101