Court Martial Comprehensive Review Interim Report 21 July 2017 List of Abbreviations and Frequent References .................................................................... 8 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 1 – Introduction ....................................................................................................... 18 Background ..................................................................................................................... 18 Scope of the Comprehensive Review .......................................................................... 19 Composition of the Court Martial Comprehensive Review Team (CMCRT) ....... 20 Definitions and Terminology ........................................................................................ 21 Assumptions .................................................................................................................... 23 Method for the Comprehensive Review ...................................................................... 24 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 2 – Historical Background and Overview of the Court Martial System ........... 30 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 30 2.2 History of the Court Martial System: Origins up to 1950 ......................................... 30 2.3 History of the Court Martial System: 1950-1999 ....................................................... 32 2.4 History of the Court Martial System: 1999 up to the Present ................................... 36 2.5 Overview of the Current Court Martial System ......................................................... 42 2.5.1 Jurisdiction – People ...................................................................................................... 42 2.5.2 Offences ........................................................................................................................... 43 2.5.3 Punishments and Sentences ........................................................................................... 44 2.5.4 Judges ............................................................................................................................... 44 2.5.5 Panels ............................................................................................................................... 45 2.5.6 Prosecutions..................................................................................................................... 46 2.5.7 Defence Counsel Services ............................................................................................. 48 2.5.8 Evidence ........................................................................................................................... 49 2.5.9 Appeals ............................................................................................................................ 50 2.5.10 Specially-Affected Groups or Individuals with Special Needs ................................ 50 2.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 51 Chapter 3 – Past Studies and Critical Perspectives of the Court Martial System ........... 52 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 52 3.2 External, Objective, and Independent Reviews: 1997-2015 ..................................... 52 3.2.1 Defence Counsel Services Study, 1997 ....................................................................... 52 1 3.2.2 The Lamer Report, 2003 ................................................................................................ 54 3.2.3 Bronson Report (DMP) .................................................................................................. 55 3.2.4 Bronson Report – Defence Counsel Services ............................................................. 57 3.2.5 “Equal Justice” – Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs Report, 2009 .................................................................................................................... 59 3.2.6 The LeSage Report, 2011 .............................................................................................. 60 3.2.7 The Deschamps Report, 2015 ....................................................................................... 62 3.3 Internal and Subjective Reviews: 2001-2012 ............................................................. 64 3.3.1 Military Justice Interview Survey, 2001 ...................................................................... 64 3.3.2 Military Justice Interview Survey of Stakeholders, 2002 ......................................... 65 3.3.3 Military Justice Interview Survey of Stakeholders, 2007 ......................................... 66 3.3.4 Military Justice Stakeholder Interviews, 2010 ........................................................... 67 3.3.5 Military Justice Stakeholder Interviews, 2012 ........................................................... 67 3.3.6 Summary Trial Working Groups I and II, 2016 ......................................................... 68 3.4 Canadian Academic and Media Commentary ............................................................ 69 3.4.1 Journal Articles ............................................................................................................... 69 3.4.2 Books ................................................................................................................................ 70 3.4.3 Popular Media ................................................................................................................. 71 3.5 International Law Discourse Relevant to Canada’s Court Martial System ............ 72 3.5.1 The DeCaux Draft Principles ........................................................................................ 72 3.5.2 The Knaul Report ........................................................................................................... 73 3.5.3 OHCHR Expert Consultation ........................................................................................ 73 3.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 4 – Consultation ....................................................................................................... 76 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 76 4.2 Liaison with the Department of Justice ....................................................................... 76 4.3 Public Consultation ........................................................................................................ 77 4.3.1 Public Consultation – Summary of Results ................................................................ 78 4.4 Targeted Consultations .................................................................................................. 81 4.4.1 Submission from the Federal Ombudsman For Victims of Crime .......................... 81 4.4.2 Submission from the Canadian Bar Association – Military Law Section .............. 82 2 4.4.3 The Sexual Misconduct Response Centre ................................................................... 83 4.4.4 It’s Just 700 ..................................................................................................................... 84 4.4.5 Lieutenant-Colonel (Retired) Perron, former Military Judge ................................... 85 4.4.6 Lieutenant-Commander (Retired) Levesque, Ph.D. (Military Law) ........................ 88 4.4.7 President of the International Society for Military Law and the Law of War ........ 90 4.5 Internal Consultations .................................................................................................... 91 4.5.1 CAF Strategic Response Team on Sexual Misconduct ............................................. 91 4.5.2 Chain of Command Consultation – Introduction ....................................................... 93 4.5.3 Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (Regular and Reserve Force) ..... 94 4.5.4 Canadian Army ............................................................................................................... 97 4.5.4.1 2nd Canadian Division ................................................................................................... 97 4.5.4.2 4th Canadian Division .................................................................................................. 101 4.5.4.3 5th Canadian Division - Division Chief Warrant Officer (Regular Force) ........... 108 4.5.5 Royal Canadian Navy .................................................................................................. 108 4.5.5.1 Maritime Forces Pacific (Regular and Reserve Force) ............................................ 108 4.5.5.2 The Crew of HMCS OTTAWA (Regular Force) ..................................................... 109 4.5.6 Royal Canadian Air Force ........................................................................................... 111 4.5.7 Chief of Military Personnel ........................................................................................