THE INFLUENCE OF URBAN FORMS IN THE USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY IN URBAN SPACES: A CASE OFNAIROBI CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT WYCLIFF NYAIGOTI NYACHWAYA MASTER OF URBAN DESIGN JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015 The influence of Urban Forms in the Use of Digital Technology in urban spaces: A Case of Nairobi Central Business District Wycliff Nyaigoti Nyachwaya A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the Master of Urban Design in Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology 2015 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. Signature:……………………………… Date: ………………………………… Wycliff Nyaigoti Nyachwaya This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors: Signature:……………………………… Date:………………………………… Prof. Bernard O. Moirongo JKUAT, Kenya Signature:……………………………… Date: ……………………………… Dr. Mugwima B. Njuguna JKUAT, Kenya ii DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to God who has guided me through my journey of education and to my family for the support they give me each and every day. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology for all the support it has given me during this research. I would like to thank the JKUAT Library for all the resources it has given me towards this study, especially the online journals and books that it has subscribed to. In a special way, I would like to thank the department of Architecture and the Faculty of School of Architecture and Building Sciences. I thank my sponsors SIU – NOMA in collaborations with the Norwegian Government, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology and the Eastern Africa Collaborating Universities for granting me the opportunity that has enabled me to study and carry out this study. I thank my supervisors Prof. Bernard Otoki Moirongo and Dr. Mugwima Bernard Njuguna for guiding me through this study. It has been a big change from undergraduate to post graduate research, but they have been with me all the way. In a special way I would like to thank all the members of staff in the department of Architecture, for giving me encouragement and support in many ways during the course of this study. Special thanks for the JKUAT library staff, especially special collection section for guidance in formatting this thesis. I thank all my colleagues who have pursued this course before me for their advice and encouragement. Lastly, I would like to thank my entire family for the great support and blessings that they have given to me during this study. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ xiii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... xv LIST OF PLATES ...................................................................................................................... xviii LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. xxii LIST OF ACRONYMS ..............................................................................................................xxiii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................. xxiv CHAPTER ONE .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Problem Statement ....................................................................................................................1 1.3 Purpose of the Study..................................................................................................................4 1.4 Objectives of the Study: ............................................................................................................4 1.5 Hypothesis .................................................................................................................................4 v 1.6 Theoretical Framework .............................................................................................................5 1.6.1 Actor Network Theory........................................................................................................5 1.6.2 Defensible Space Theory....................................................................................................6 1.6.3 Public Social Private Framework Theory...........................................................................7 1.7 Conceptual Framework .............................................................................................................8 1.8 Definition of Terms .................................................................................................................10 1.9 Study Assumptions..................................................................................................................10 1.10 Study Significance.................................................................................................................10 1.11 Study Justification .................................................................................................................11 1.12 Study Scope...........................................................................................................................11 1.13 Study Limitations ..................................................................................................................13 1.14 Study Organization................................................................................................................13 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................... 15 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................ 15 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................15 2.2 Digital Technology..................................................................................................................15 2.2.1 Origin of Digital Technology Uses in the Urban Space ...................................................15 2.2.2 Digital Technology Uses in the Urban Space...................................................................16 2.2.3 Challenges faced by the Digital Technology Uses in Urban Spaces................................17 vi 2.2.4 Digital Technology Uses Present in the Urban Space ......................................................17 2.2.5 Advantages and disadvantages of the digital technology uses .........................................24 2.3 Urban Space ............................................................................................................................24 2.3.1 Evolution of digital uses in Urban space ..........................................................................24 2.3.2 Urban Design Characteristics ...........................................................................................26 2.3.3 Urban Space Elements......................................................................................................34 2.4 Digital Technology and the Urban Space................................................................................37 2.4.1 Behaviour Attributed to Digital technology Usage ..........................................................37 2.4.2 Public Space in the Framework of Emerging Digital Technology...................................38 2.4.3 Best Practices of Digital Technology Phenomena............................................................40 2.4.4 Policy Framework for Digital Technology in Urban Spaces............................................43 2.5 Methodology used by researchers interested in the topic........................................................44 2.5.1 Real Pedestrian Experiment for data collection................................................................44 2.5.2 Unobtrusive Observation ..................................................................................................45 2.5.3 Diary Based Method for Data Collection .........................................................................46 2.6 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................47 CHAPTER THREE ....................................................................................................................... 48 3.0 RESEARCH