Establishing Ozone Critical Levels II UNECE Workshop Report Göteborg, Sweden 19-22 November, 2002 Per-Erik Karlsson Gun Selldén Håkan Pleijel (editors) B 1523 A June 2003 Organisation/Organization ,9/6YHQVND0LOM|LQVWLWXWHW$% RAPPORTSAMMANFATTNING ,9/6ZHGLVK(QYLURQPHQWDO5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH/WG Report Summary Projekttitel/Project title Adress/address UNECE Workshop P O Box 47086 Establishing Ozone Critical Levels II SE 402 58 Göteborg Anslagsgivare för projektet/ Sweden Project sponsor Telefonnr/Telephone Foundation for Strategic Environmental +46 31 725 62 07 Reseach (MISTRA, ASTA Project), the Nordic Council of Ministers (NMR) & Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Rapportförfattare/author Per Erik Karlsson Gun Selldén Håkan Pleijel Rapportens titel och undertitel/Title and subtitle of the report Establishing Ozone Critical Levels II, UNECE Workshop Report Sammanfattning/Summary This document is the final report from the workshop on “Establishing Ozone Critical Levels II”, held in Hindås, 50 km outside Gothenburg, Sweden, 19-22 November 2002. It contains the overall summary of the conclusions from the workshop, the reports from the three working groups that were active during the workshop as well as all background papers presented at the workshop. Nyckelord samt ev. anknytning till geografiskt område eller näringsgren /Keywords Ozone, Tropospheric ozone, Critical Levels, UNECE, Workshop Report, AOT40, AOT30, Ozone flux Bibliografiska uppgifter/Bibliographic data IVL Rapport/report B1523 A, B, and C Rapporten beställs via /The report can be ordered via e-mail: [email protected] Homepage: www.ivl.se Fax: +46 8 598 563 90 Mail: IVL, Publikationsservice, Box 21060, S-100 31 Stockholm UNECE CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION Establishing Ozone Critical Levels II UNECE Workshop Report Per Erik Karlsson, Gun Selldén and Håkan Pleijel (editors) IVL report B 1523 UNECE Workshop in Gothenburg, Sweden, 19-22 November, 2002 The workshop was organized by IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Department of Environmental Science & Conservation and The Botanical Institute, Göteborg University And sponsored by The Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (MISTRA) The Nordic Council of Ministers (NMR) The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency 3 Preface This document is the final report from the workshop on “Establishing Ozone Critical Levels II”, held in Hindås, 50 km outside Gothenburg, Sweden, 19-22 November 2002. It contains the overall summary of the conclusions from the workshop, the reports from the three working groups that were active during the workshop as well as all background papers presented at the workshop. We believe that the results of the workshop will be a valuable source of information for many years to come and we hope that the report can be utilized for future work and negotiations under the LRTAP Convention and within the European Union CAFÉ Programme. Acknowledgements We are grateful for the financial support from the ASTA project, financed by the Foundation for Strategic Environmental Reseach (MISTRA), the Nordic Council of Ministers (NMR) and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, which made this workshop possible. We thank our colleagues Helena Danielsson, Gunilla Pihl Karlsson, Lena Skärby, Johan Uddling, Eva-Lena Medin, Susanne Ottosson, Kristin Persson, Max Hansson and Marianne Hall, whose efforts during the workshop strongly contributed to its success. The work performed by the chairpersons and rapporteurs is gratefully acknowledged. We thank the Hjortviken Conference Centre for excellent service during the workshop. Last, but not least, we thank all participants for their contributions and the good spirit during the workshop. Per Erik Karlsson Gun SelldénHåkan Pleijel 4 Contents Page Workshop summary Bull, K.R., Karlsson, P.E., Selldén, G. & Pleijel, H. 9 Report from the working group on agricultural crops. Mills, G., Emberson, L. 14 Report from the working group on semi-natural vegetation. Ashmore, M., Franzaring, J. 23 Report from the working group on forests. Ballarin-Denti, A., Oksanen, E. 28 GENERAL Introductory remarks Måns Lönnroth, Managing Director, MISTRA Foundation 34 Past, present and future ozone-related activiteies under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Chrast, R., Bull, K. & Gregor, H.-D. 37 How Well Can We Model Ozone Fluxes? A Report from the Harrogate Ad-hoc Expert Panel Meeting on Modelling and Mapping Ozone Flux and Deposition to Vegetation. Ashmore, M. 40 Introducing Ozone Fluxes in Integrated Assessment Modelling Amann, M. & Schöpp, W. 48 Ambient flux-based critical values of ozone for protecting vegetation: differing spatial scales and uncertainties in risk assessment Grünhage, L., Krupa, S. V., Legge, A. H. & Jäger, H.-J. 51 Stomatal Ozone Uptake over Europe: Preliminary results Simpson, D., Ashmore, M., Emberson, L., Tuovinen, J.-P., MacDougall, M. & Smith, R. I. 66 AGRICULTURAL CROPS Introducing response modifying factors into a risk assessment for ozone effects on crops in Europe Mills, G., Holland, M., Buse, A., Cinderby, S., Hayes, F., Emberson, L., Cambridge, H., Ashmore, M. & Terry, A. 74 Relationships between ozone exposure and yield loss in European wheat and potato – A comparison of concentration based and flux based exposure indices Pleijel, H., Danielsson, H., Ojanperä, K., De Temmerman, L., Högy, P., Badiani, M & Karlsson, P.E. 89 Long-term ozone exposure and ozone uptake of grapevines in open-top chambers Soja, G., Reichenauer, T., Eid, M., Schaber, R. & Gangl, H. 104 5 An O3 flux-based risk assessment for wheat Grünhage, L. 110 Determination of weighting factors related to soil water availability to assess ozone impact on Mediterranean wheat crops (Triticum aestivum L.) Gimeno, B.S., de la Torre, D., González, A., López, A. & Serra, J. 116 A chamber-less approach to derive ozone flux-effect relationhsips for crops and semi-natural vegetation Grünhage, L., Bender, J., Schaaf, S., Dämmgen, U.,Weigel, H.J. & Jäger, H.-J. 122 Developing ozone flux-effect models for white clover from the ICP Vegetation ambient air monitoring experiment Mills, G., Büker, P., Hayes, F., Emberson, L., Werner, W., Gimeno, B., Fumagalli, I., Köllner, B., Manes, F., Pihl Karlsson, G., Soja, G. & Vendermeiren, K. 128 Test of the short-term critical levels for acute ozone injury on plants – improvements by ozone uptake modelling and the use of an effect threshold Pihl Karlsson, G., Karlsson, P.E, Soja, G., Vendermeiren, K. & Pleijel, H. 140 Derivation of critical absorbed doses for ozone using an ozone sensitive clover clone Gavriilidou, M., Grünhage, L. & Jäger, H.-J. 152 Does water deficit modify sensitivity of clover clones to ozone? Bermejo, R., Irigoyen, J.J., Santamaria, J.M. & Gimeno, B.S. 158 A working hypothesis proposal for classifying the annual crop species to the ozone concentration tolerance: application to 8 species growing in the Mediterranean basin Rana, G., Katerji, N., Mastorilli, M. & Bethenod, O. 163 Ozone critical levels and effects on plants in Italy De Marco, A., Fagnano, M., Belgiovine, N., Capogna, F., Daffinà, R., de Bonfils, A., Fiorini, R., Forlani, A., Fumagalli, I., Giannini, M.A., Manes, F., Martignon, G., Merola, G., Mignnego, L., Piccolo, R., Postiglione, L., Racalbuto, S., Vialetto, G. & Vitale, M 171 Chlorophyll a fluorescence as diagnostic tool to detect early stress condition in leaves exposed to ozone Bussotti, F. 179 SEMI-NATURAL VEGETATION Ozone critical levels for semi-natural vegetation. Fuhrer, J., Ashmore, M.R., Mills, G., Hayes, F. & Davison, A.W. 183 Lower Threshold Ozone Exposures for Effects on Roots than Shoots in Wetland Species. Batty, K. & Ashmore, M.R. 199 6 Brown knapweed (Centaurea jacea L.) as a potential bioindicator native plant species for ambient ozone in Europe. Bungener, P., Bassin, S. & Fuhrer, J. 204 Multi-year experiments on ozone effects on semi-natural vegetation: implications for the development of critical levels. Bender, J., Bergmann, E. & Weigel, H.J. 211 Ozone and competition adversely affects on the reproductive ability of three clover species from Iberian rangelands. Gimeno, B.S., Bermejo, V., Sanz, J., de la Torre, D. & Gil, J.M. 218 Response of two wet grassland species to ozone and water stress Franzaring, J. Dueck, Th.A. & Tonneijck, A.E.G. 224 FORESTS Effects of Ozone on European Forest Tree Species – A Concept of Local Risk Evaluation within ICP-Forests. Krause, G.H.M., Köllner, B. & Grünhage, L. 230 New Critical Levels for Ozone Impact on Trees Based on AOT40 and Leaf Cumulated Ozone Uptake. Karlsson, P.E., Uddling, J. Braun, S., Broadmeadow, M., Elvira, S., Gimeno, B.S., Le Thiec, D., Oksanen, E., Vandermeiren, K, Wilkinson, M., Emberson, L. 236 Growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in relation to the AOT40 index. Skärby, L., Ottosson, S., Karlsson, P.E., Wallin, G., Selldén, G., Medin, E.L. & Pleijel, H. 251 Comparison between AOT40 and Ozone Uptake in Forest Trees of Different Species, Age and Site Conditions. Matyssek, R., Wieser, G., Nunn, A.J., Kozovits, A.R., Reiter, I.M., Heerdt, C., Winkler, J.B., Baumgarten, M., Häberle, K.-H., Grams, T.E.E., Werner, H., Fabian, P. & Havranek, W.M. 259 Ozone deposition to a temperate coniferous forest in Norway: measurements and modelling with the EMEP deposition module. Hole, L.R. 275 Stomatal conductance: Key factors in controlling ozone flux into the leaves of forest trees: A case study in Picea Abies. Wieser, G. & Emberson, L.D. 280 Measuring and modelling stomatal conductance in needles of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees under field conditions in a boreal forest in mid-Sweden. Hansson, M., Karlsson, P.E. & Höglund, H.-O. 293 A multi-year free air ozone exposure with silver birch (Betula Pendula Roth) in Kuopio, Finland: A comaparison of physiological ozone responses between soil-grown trees and potted saplings. Oksanen, E. 299 7 Multi-year experiments with ozone exposure of Norway spruce and Silver birch in open-top chambers at Östad, Sweden. Karlsson, P.E., Skärby, L., Wallin, G., Uddling, J., Ottosson, S., Medin, E.L., Pleijel, H. & Selldén, G. 308 Ozone effects observed in open-top chamber experiments with beech: a recalculation with ozone flux.