Mini Review Adv Biotech & Micro Volume 4 Issue 1 - June 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by : Tatiana Vallaeys DOI: 10.19080/AIBM.2017.04.555629 Bioindicators of Marine Contaminations at the Frontier of Environmental Monitoring and Environmental Genomics Tatiana Vallaeys1*, Sophia P Klink1, Eymeric Fleouter1, Benjamin Le Moing1, Jehan Hervé Lignot1 and Abraham J Smith2 1Department of Biology Ecology, Université de Montpellier, France 2Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, USA Submission: May 29, 2017; Published: June, 30, 2017 *Corresponding author: Tatiana Vallaeys, Department of Biology Ecology, Faculté des Sciences CC13002, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France, Tel: ; Email : Abstract human health, as well as economic and ecological perspectives. Indicators of oceanic contamination have been selected in order to identify, but alsoOceans further provide prevent major impact resources of human for rapidly activities increasing on marine population ecosystems. worldwide. However Ocean while sustainability some bioindicating thus constitutes species appear a major consensual, issue for others are typically representatives of restricted marine areas and/or restricted range of marine contaminants. We here attempt a review of marine species used as bioindicators/ biomarkers of major human activities focusing on the requirement to integrate modern metagenomics approachesKeywords: of marine ecosystems in order to define consensual, pertinent, ubiquitous bioindicators of marine health. Biomarkers; Bioindicators; Oceans; Ecotoxicology; Omics Sciences; Epigenetics Introduction expected to supplement natural stocks of seafood and which Coastal Areas support increasing population worldwide, relies on availability of uncontaminated water), actively impacts for whom marine ecosystems constitute either directly or marine ecosystems, through the release from marine farms, indirectly, principal economic resources. For instance, over of antimicrobials, food supplements, nutrients, and disease two billion people worldwide rely on seafood consumption and sea products for their diet [1]. Alternatively, the ocean appears report). While most contaminations are concentrated in coastal as a promising reservoir for novel pharmaceuticals [2], but controlling substances [7] (in final EMIDA MOLTRAQ project’s zones, mainly affecting pelagic and benthic food webs of the simultaneously, novel energetic and mining resources [3-5]. continental shelf [11], long-range transport of contaminants However, oceanic ecosystems are today suffering from past through large distances has been described in the literature [12]. but also novel, rapidly diversifying modern human activities. The sustainability of these marine resources and their derivative Indeed, this common reservoir suffers from environmental pressure exerted by humans on the marine ecosystems itself, worldwide [1,13]. activities thus appears today as a major common preoccupation [6] but also, more recently exploitation of deep sea metallic Pollutants affecting marine ecosystems include a wide such as of shore petroleum production, sea transport or fishing nodules [5], marine aquaculture [7], rocket launching activities range of synthetic organic chemicals, (Substances of particular concern are chlorobiphenyls, chlorinated dioxins, pesticides from the exploitation of nearby terrestrial ecosystems by and some industrial solvents); diverse heavy metals and alloys and installation of offshore wind mills fields, but also, indirectly tourism, agriculture and industry, (including mining) [8-10]. with principal focus on mercury or chromium VI; but also, Even exponentially increasing marine aquaculture (that is today alternatively, toxins and pathogenic species; pharmaceuticals Adv Biotech & Micro 4(1): AIBM.MS.ID.555628 (2017) 0012 Advances in Biotechnology & Microbiology and personal care products; plastic materials; and more recently, chemical property of a substance or to its concentration, but rather relies on its bioavailability which is highly dependent on environmental conditions [21]. For instance, levels of clay genetically modified organisms [14]. Contaminants tend to extent than through their continental counterparts due, among accumulate through marine food webs, biomagnified in a greater other, to their higher complexity and compartment level. Their and organic matters are acting as complexing factors for most particles, dissolved or particulate carbonates, silicates, sulfides metals but also given organic contaminants. Additionally, metal [15,16]. Indeed, since the widely discussed Minamata case [17], toxicity is highly related to their redox level [22], the latter final accumulation in fish tissues is of major public concern end-level human consumption of contaminated marine products evolves novel interrogations, while reported impacts on human of metals, that may be used for given microbial groups, being itself influenced, among other, by microbial metabolism as alternative electron receptors in anaerobic respiration today, among other, neurologic disorders, endocrine-disrupting processes. Among available methods, the use of bioindicators health increases and diversifies. Effects on human health include functions, developmental problems [18] but also, human and biomarkers of marine contamination is an interesting tool reproduction, neurobehavioral development, liver function, birth to assess deleterious effects of environmental contaminants weight, immune response, and tumorigenesis [19]. Additionally, in marine ecosystems, as it is clearly correlated with levels of in given cases, microorganisms have been reported that are bioavailable contaminants. Thus, several inventories of marine able to degrade, sometimes only partially, given molecules biotest methods have already been compiled and their interest through complex pathways, sometimes liberating metabolic intermediates with higher toxicity than the originally released reviewed [23-26]. Indeed, both marine microflora, (among environmental contaminant [20]. Unfortunately, association cyst [30] but also macrofauna have been mined for relevant others foraminifers [27,28], diatoms [29], dinoflagellate bioindicator species and used in biomonitoring of environmental and follow up of this extending diversity and complexity of contaminations [31]: Among macrofaunal organisms, literature with deleterious effects of specific compounds is very difficult environmental contaminants, requires integrated approaches. reports communities and individual species of copepods [32,33], bivalves [34,35], echinoderms [36,37], sponges [38,39], Discussion and even birds [46]. Some examples are summarized in Table 1 anemones [40], crustaceans [41,42], insects [43], fishes [44,45] effective methods for detecting pollutants at risk to accumulate that illustrates the extreme diversity of bioindicator organisms Environmental monitoring requires rapid, efficient and cost- in marine food webs and to impact human health. However, and the lack of consensus at international scale. toxicity level for a given compound is not restricted to the Table 1: Illustration of the diversity of bioindicators used for environmental monitoring in marine areas. Species Environment Contaminant Reference Bacteria in vitro wide range of chemicals Vibrio fischeri [47,48] mediterranean laguna pathogens Vibrio sp. Phytoplancton Taipei [49] Green algae metals Ulva lactuca Hong Kong Hg, Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni, Cr Ulva rigida [49-51] Brown algae tropical waters Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn Lobophora variegata Foraminifera marine, benthic heavy metals [27,28,52] Sponges Polychlorobiphenyl Spongia officinalis Indian Gulf Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, As, Co, Cd [53,54] Haliclona tenuiramosa Cnidaria water column Aurelia aurita (ephyra) sessile Cd, Zn Anemona viridis SDS, Cd(NO3)2 sessile Cd, Zn [55,56] Actinia equina estuarine sediments CdCl2 Nematostella vectensis Annelida PAHs, Pb, Pharmaceuticals Arenicola marina sediment, coasts, ports [57,58] pharmaceuticals Hediste diversicolor How to cite this article: Tatiana V, Sophia P K, Eymeric F, Benjamin L M, Jehan H L, Abraham J S. Bioindicators of Marine Contaminations at the Frontier 0013 of Environmental Monitoring and Environmental Genomics. Adv Biotech & Micro. 2017; 4(1): 555629.DOI: 10.19080/AIBM.2017.04.555629. Advances in Biotechnology & Microbiology Cd, Hg Bivalves coast Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn, 137Cs Mytilus edulis Zn>Fe,Cu>Mn>Ni>Pb>Cr>Cd Mytilus galloprovincialis Crassostrea gigas Crassostrea virginica [35,50,59-68] Zn>Fe,Cu>Mn>Ni>Pb>Cr>Cd Crassostrea corteziensis metals Mytella strigata Arabian Gulf Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn Pinctada radiata Mauritania Venus verrucosa Hg, Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni, Cr Macoma balthica estuaries Tapes philipinarum PCB Perna viridis Hong Kong As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Se, Zn Anadara granosa Malaysia PAH Soletellina acuminata Mangroves Gastropoda Tributyltin Trivia monacha Tributyltin Trivia arctica Tributyltin Hinia reticulata North Atlantic Tributyltin Nucella lapillus North Atlantic Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn Donax trunculus Mauritania Amphipoda Cu, Zn, Cd Corophium volutator Zn, Cu, Cd Echinogammarus pirloti Gammarus locusta Gammarus zaddachi Gammarus salinus Branchiopoda Mediterranean coast, marine and Artemia salina estuarine sediments CuSO4, PbSO4, ZnSO4, NiSO4 Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Al, Si, Fe, Ca, Mg, Cypris sp. Ostracoda Na, Mn, Ba, Sr, S, Cl, oil, industrial [60,69-76] Cyprideis torosa waste water Leptocythere psammophila in vitro Decapoda Zn, Cu, Cd Palaemon elegans Zn>Mn>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Cd