MEDICAL VECTORS National Border Health and Ship Sanitation Course 27– 30 July 2015 Prepared by NZ BioSecure - Southern Monitoring Services Disclaimer and Acknowledgement This document has been put together as revision notes for the Ministry of Health’s Border Health courses and workshops only and not designed for widespread distribution. Several of the images in this document were sourced from the ICPMR website (http://www.arbovirus.health.nsw.gov.au/areas/arbovirus/mosq it/mosquitoes.htm). Thank you to Richard Russell and Stephen Doggett who kindly gave permission for these images to be used in these notes. vi 1. Introduction to Vectors ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Basic vector information ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Public health disease threat ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Vector and disease control .......................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Background .......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.2 Personal Protection .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.3.3 Surveillance .......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.4 Control ................................................................................................................................................. 4 2. Mosquitoes .............................................................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Life cycle ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 The Egg ................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.1.2 The Larva .............................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.3 The Pupa ............................................................................................................................................ 10 2.1.4 The Adult ............................................................................................................................................ 12 2.2 Habitats ..................................................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.1 Larvae ................................................................................................................................................ 14 2.2.2 Adults ................................................................................................................................................. 15 2.3 Hosts ......................................................................................................................................................... 15 2.4 Behaviour .................................................................................................................................................. 15 2.5 Diseases ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.5.1 Malaria .............................................................................................................................................. 17 2.5.2 Dengue ............................................................................................................................................... 20 2.5.3 Yellow fever ........................................................................................................................................ 22 2.5.4 Japanese encephalitis ........................................................................................................................ 27 2.5.5 Ross River & Barmah Forest ............................................................................................................... 28 2.5.6 West Nile Virus ................................................................................................................................... 29 2.5.7 Other Diseases ................................................................................................................................... 31 2.6. Exotic Mosquitoes ....................................................................................................................... 32 2.6.1 Why are we concerned about exotic mosquitoes? ............................................................................ 32 2.6.2 Pathways ............................................................................................................................................ 34 2.6.3 Unwanted organisms – Mosquito profiles ....................................................................... 35 2.6.3.1 Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) ......................................................................................... 35 2.6.3.2 Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) ......................................................................................... 38 2.6.3.3 Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus (Theobald) .......................................................................................... 43 2.7 Mosquitoes and Mosquito-Borne Disease Control ................................................................................... 45 2.7.1 Mosquito Personal Protection ............................................................................................................ 45 2.7.2 Mosquito Surveillance ........................................................................................................................ 45 2.7.3 Mosquito Control ............................................................................................................................... 45 3. Sand Flies .............................................................................................................................................. 48 3.1 Life cycle .................................................................................................................................................... 48 3.1.1 Egg ..................................................................................................................................................... 48 3.1.2 Larva .................................................................................................................................................. 49 3.1.3 Pupa ................................................................................................................................................... 49 3.1.4 Adult ................................................................................................................................................... 49 3.2 Habitats ..................................................................................................................................................... 50 3.3 Hosts ......................................................................................................................................................... 50 3.4 Behaviour .................................................................................................................................................. 50 3.5 Diseases ..................................................................................................................................................... 51 3.5.1 Leishmaniasis ..................................................................................................................................... 51 3.5.2 Sandfly (Phlebotomus) Fever ............................................................................................................. 54 3.5.3 Other Diseases ................................................................................................................................... 54 3.6 Sand Flies and Sand Fly-Borne Disease Control ........................................................................................ 55 3.6.1 Sand Fly Personal Protection .............................................................................................................. 55 3.6.2 Sand Fly Surveillance .......................................................................................................................... 55 3.6.3 Sand Fly Control ................................................................................................................................. 55 4. Fleas ........................................................................................................................................................ 56 4.1 Life cycle .................................................................................................................................................... 57 4.1.1 Eggs ...................................................................................................................................................