THE WRITERS IN THE ALLEY: STATE LEGITIMACY AND LITERATURE IN NASSER‘S EGYPT, 1952-1967 by Alan Lensink Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia August 2011 © Copyright by Alan Lensink, 2011 DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY The undersigned hereby certify that they have read and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for acceptance a thesis entitled ―The Writers in the Alley: State Legitimacy and Literature in Nasser‘s Egypt, 1952-1967‖ by Alan Lensink in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Dated: August 8, 2011 Supervisor: _________________________________ Readers: _________________________________ _________________________________ ii DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DATE: August 8, 2011 AUTHOR: Alan Lensink TITLE: The Writers in the Alley: State Legitimacy and Literature in Nasser‘s Egypt, 1952-1967 DEPARTMENT OR SCHOOL: Department of History DEGREE: MA CONVOCATION: October YEAR: 2011 Permission is herewith granted to Dalhousie University to circulate and to have copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title upon the request of individuals or institutions. I understand that my thesis will be electronically available to the public. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author‘s written permission. The author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material appearing in the thesis (other than the brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing), and that all such use is clearly acknowledged. _______________________________ Signature of Author iii Soli Deo gloria iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……....… ....................................................................................................... vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED ............................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 BLUNTING THE SCALPEL: POLITICS AND THE FICTION OF YUSUF IDRIS FROM 1954 TO 1960 ............................................................................. 18 CHAPTER 3 NAGUIB MAHFOUZ, STATE PATRONAGE, AND BENEVOLENT AUTHORITARIANISM FROM 1952 TO 1959 .............................................................. 46 CHAPTER 4 ―THE CRISIS OF THE INTELLECTUALS‖ AND THE BID FOR HEGEMONY FROM 1961 TO 1967 ............................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION........................................................................................... 97 BIBLIOGRAPHY…… ................................................................................................... 103 PRIMARY SOURCES ..................................................................................................... 103 SECONDARY SOURCES ................................................................................................ 106 v ABSTRACT In 1952 Gamal Abdel Nasser and his clique of disaffected young officers launched ‗the Free Officer‘s Coup,‘ deposing the monarchy, overturning the parliamentary system, and launching a durable regime that defined the face of Egypt in the second half of the twentieth century. This thesis examines the relationship between Nasser and Egypt‘s intellectuals, and takes preeminent writers Naguib Mahfouz and Yusuf Idris to reveal the social environment in which this relationship took place. The literary and historical evidence reveals a lively relationship of contestation, critique, accommodation, dependence, and acclamation. Promulgating reformist domestic policies and defiantly nationalist foreign policies, Nasser earned legitimization from intellectuals. His regime endeavored to establish hegemony over Egyptian civil society, an effort resisted and repulsed by intellectuals. Inspired by the most relevant theoretical literature on intellectuals, namely the work of Julien Benda, Antonio Gramsci, and Edward Said, this thesis reveals responsibilities and challenges faced by intellectuals everywhere. vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED ASU Arab Socialist Union DMNL Democratic Movement of National Liberation RCC Revolutionary Command Council UAR United Arab Republic UECP Unified Egyptian Communist Party vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Amal Ghazal for supervising my thesis, especially helping me get acclimatized to Middle Eastern history, for her hard work on my SSHRC application, and her encouraging supervision. Thanks are also due to Dr. Jamie Whidden and Dr. Philip Zachernuk for serving on my defense committee, asking substantive questions and offering thoughtful suggestions. And most especially I would like to thank my fiancée Larisa Baylis for her love, patience, support and encouragement during my studies. viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION When the Free Officers seized control of Egypt on July 23, 1952 and deposed King Faruq two days later, they overturned a political order that had lasted for 150 years. Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser had a small reputation for his brave conduct in the Arab- Israeli war of 1948. Anwar Sadat, Abdel Hakem Amer, Ali Sabry, and the other Free Officers were virtually unknown. None had rank higher than that of Colonel and none were over forty years old. Despite their youth, modest rank, inexperience, and obscure origins, the Officers aimed to transform their country; to free Egypt from poverty, corruption, and a de facto British occupation. Recognizing their disadvantages, the Free Officers wisely recruited popular General Mohammed Naguib to serve as the public face of the Free Officers movement. However, it would take more than a popular general to grant prestige and authority to men who lacked both popular mandate and royal lineage. Thus the Free Officers launched their populist revolution in the name of the Egyptian people, casting themselves as the guardians of the nation. If the people rejected their role, the Free Officers could expect to be removed in a revolution, a counter-coup, or royalist revival. They required popular consent and they required legitimacy, a widespread acceptance of the lawfulness of their governing role. The business of accepting or rejecting the Officer‘s legitimacy fell to all Egyptians, especially to those who enjoyed access to resources, and a measure of responsibility, authority, or influence. Among these, intellectuals, those who occupied themselves with thought and the dissemination of ideas, played a role of particular importance in determining whether a cohort of obscure officers were indeed the lawful rulers of Egypt. 1 The present study explores the consolidation of political legitimacy within the Egyptian intellectual scene from 1952 to 1967. Paying particular attention to the two foremost writers of this period, Naguib Mafhouz and Yusuf Idris, this study takes the intellectual milieu of Nasser‘s Egypt as its subject, and explores how intellectuals responded to the claims of Nasser and his cohort. Examining the extension of their rule into the realm of thought, belief, and meaning, this study traces how intellectuals negotiated, accommodated, and critiqued this expansion. This study argues that the Nasser and his ruling clique were successful in consolidating popular legitimacy, and that intellectuals largely accepted their claim to rightfully rule on behalf of Egyptians. However, this acceptance was not an easy transaction, and this acceptance emerged from a fiercely contested struggle between political elites and intellectual elites throughout this period. Although they contested the claims of government and critiqued its authoritarian excesses, intellectuals largely accepted and accommodated being governed by Nasser and the Free Officers. Intellectuals chafed at the suspension of civil liberties and the suppression of freedom of speech, but appropriated the Officers‘ promise to bring about liberation, social justice, modernity, and a rational, secular social order. Intellectuals were persuaded to support the new political order and their support contributed to the durability of the revolutionary regime. By following literary source material closely and comparing it with the political record, this thesis reveals how the Nasser regime sought to persuade or convince intellectuals to grant legitimacy to its rule, to which intellectuals either complied in light of the regime‘s reformist agenda and successes, or else denied it in light of the regime‘s authoritarian stance towards civil society. However, this thesis also posits that underlying 2 both criticism and collaboration was a kinship between political elites and literary elites in that both parties envisioned modernity and liberation for their nation. The present study clarifies the understanding of the relationship between the Nasser regime and literary intellectuals by drawing close to the most relevant evidence, the novels and short stories of Naguib Mahfouz and Yusuf Idris, analyzing their literature and their political themes in light of the quickly changing environment of revolutionary Egypt, and submitting this evidence to the insightful theoretical perspectives on intellectuals. This approach reveals a twofold process in which literary intellectuals such as Yusuf Idris and Naguib