POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE 3d modelling between ideation, geometry, and surveyed architecture: the case of the vaulted system of ‘Appartamento di Mezzanotte’ in Palazzo Carignano Original 3d modelling between ideation, geometry, and surveyed architecture: the case of the vaulted system of ‘Appartamento di Mezzanotte’ in Palazzo Carignano / Spallone, R.; Vitali, M.; Natta, F.. - In: INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE PHOTOGRAMMETRY, REMOTE SENSING AND SPATIAL INFORMATION SCIENCES. - ISSN 2194-9034. - ELETTRONICO. - XLII-2/W15(2019), pp. 1119-1126. Availability: This version is available at: 11583/2751593 since: 2019-09-14T09:50:43Z Publisher: Copernicus Publ. Published DOI:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-1119-2019 Terms of use: openAccess This article is made available under terms and conditions as specified in the corresponding bibliographic description in the repository Publisher copyright (Article begins on next page) 10 January 2020 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W15, 2019 27th CIPA International Symposium “Documenting the past for a better future”, 1–5 September 2019, Ávila, Spain 3D MODELLING BETWEEN IDEATION, GEOMETRY, AND SURVEYED ARCHITECTURE: THE CASE OF THE VAULTED SYSTEM OF ‘APPARTAMENTO DI MEZZANOTTE’ IN PALAZZO CARIGNANO R. Spallone 1, M. Vitali 1*, F. Natta 2 1 Dept. of Architecture and Design, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy – (roberta.spallone, marco.vitali) @polito.it 2 Architect, via San Martino 16, 14021 Buttigliera d’Asti, Italy – [email protected] Commission II, WG II/8 KEY WORDS: 3D modelling, survey, geometry, vaulted systems, Guarino Guarini ABSTRACT: The present work focuses on the study of vaulted systems by Guarini, by virtue of the paradigmatic role that Guarini assumes in the field of studies dedicated to this topic. The research has been compared in-depth analysis aimed at connecting relevant data with archival drawings, historical studies and treatises in order to use digital representation in heuristic terms. The attempt is to delineate and explain, through the analysis of architectural artifacts, the links between theorizations, transformations of reference geometric models and buildings. The ‘Appartamento di Mezzanotte’ (northern apartment) of Palazzo Carignano was choosen as a case study, because the different vaulted rooms that compose it witness the creative inspiration by Guarini and allow to structure a study that produce interesting results in relation to the connections between theoretical studies, research and cultural heritage. The use of digital representation integrated with photo-modelling (SfM) tries to create new tools to investigate these different fields in their absolute and relationship value. 1. INTRODUCTION - survey (in its qualitative and quantitative components) as a system of interpretation and knowledge, from design ideas to the The present work focuses on the study of vaulted systems created by current state; Guarino Guarini. Guarini (1624-1683), was a priest of the Theatines - geometry as an expressive form of generation of the order and a theorist interested in different fields of knowledge, design’s shapes; mainly architecture, mathematics and philosophy. He lived in a - representation as an instrument for the control and century during which a leading position of geometry within the verification of formal hypotheses; philosophical method established, thanks to the works of scientists as - digital re-construction for the deepening of site knowledge Galileo, Bacon, Descartes, Malebranche, Desargues. The link and practices; between geometry and architecture was one of the most important - visualization and rendering for the understanding and ambits of Guarini’s scientific research that had significant results in communication of the relationships between the shapes the architectural practice. Inserting himself into the Baroque tradition geometry, the structural nature of the construction and the and drawing on the theoretical assumptions of stylistically and decorative apparatus. temporally different architectural cultures, Guarini renewed the The case study presented in this paper inserts itself in a constructive language, bringing art and science into a single system. research line carried out by two of the authors since 2012 Before settling in Turin in 1666, Guarini travelled in Italy and (Spallone, Vitali, 2017), regarding the masonry vaults in Baroque France, where he applied to theoretical studies and architectural civil architecture of Piedmont. They were involved as supervisors design. During his stay in Turin, he published some of his most with Edoardo Piccoli, an architectural historian, in the Master important treatises and created a series of religious and civil Thesis which results are at the basis of the case study developed architectures, emblematic of the Baroque period, characterized in the present proposal. by new geometrically shaped vaulted systems. Among them, Palazzo Carignano, that is the subject of the present paper, whose 2. GEOMETRY OF GUARINI’S VAULTED SYSTEM first design drawings date back to 1678-1679. BETWEEN TREATISES AND ARCHIVAL ORIGINAL The geometric study, the survey and 3D modelling of the vaults DRAWINGS of the ‘Appartamento di Mezzanotte’ in Palazzo Carignano has been compared with the in-depth analysis aimed at connecting relevant Guarini developed a systematic reasoning on vaulted systems data with Guarini’s treatises and archival drawings in order to use into three treatises: Architettura Civile (posthumous, 1737), digital representation in heuristic terms. The attempt is to delineate Euclides adauctus (1671), and Modo di misurare le fabriche and explain, through the analysis of architectural artifacts, the links (1674), in which he treated with text and images the geometric between theorizations, transformations and changes of reference origin, the stereotomy, and the measurement of the vaults, geometric models, and achievements in their absolute value and of respectively. relationship through the use of digital modelling integrated with Among them, the Euclides adauctus represents the theoretical photo-modelling (SfM). reference based on pure geometry, in comparison with the focus In this sense every single disciplinary theme dealt with finds of the other two books that refers to the architectural practice. significance if related to the creative process and to the implementation of the architectural construction: __________________________ * Corresponding author This contribution has been peer-reviewed. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-1119-2019 | © Authors 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. 1119 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-2/W15, 2019 27th CIPA International Symposium “Documenting the past for a better future”, 1–5 September 2019, Ávila, Spain Regarding to the lunette vaults, Guarini specified that in all the aforementioned vaults can be made cuts that does not arrive in the middle of them, starting from triangular, circular, or square plans. Then, the void is filled with a piece of ‘cylinder’ cut starting from the same triangular, circular, or square plans (Guarini, 1737). Guarini improperly defines the surface of the lunette as a portion of cylinder cut by the same planes that intersect the vault. But, for creating the joint between the two surfaces, this lunette cannot be geometrically defined as cylindrical: indeed, it must be generated by parallel and variable sections (like arcs of circumference or ellipse) (Figure 1). Nevertheless, this excerpt is very important for understanding Guarini’s design method, because it shows clearly that he defined the shape of the vaulted system starting from its orthographic projection in plan and that he started to define a main vault that was subsequently cut and filled. Moreover, the lunette vaults emerged as a typology rich of shape variations and implementations in Baroque palaces, because they increase the natural lighting of the rooms and ensure airiness and dynamism to the spaces. Guarini himself, going beyond the models of late Renaissance lunette vaults on rectangular plan, created a lot of different shapes of lunettes (also present in the ‘Appartamento di Mezzanotte’) and invented a new radiocentric system on oval plan, that he applied to the designs of the atria in Palazzo Carignano and Palazzo Provana di Collegno. At the end of Architettura Civile were published other plates from Guarini’s Dissegni d’architettura civile et ecclesiastica (1686). Among them the unbuilt design of the Castello di Govone shows a lunette vault that can be related to the Renaissance models (Figure 2). Another kind of vault is the ‘a fasce’ vault, the invention of which Guarini attributes to himself. In this case, the space to be covered by a unique vault is divided by arches, linear lintels, or architraves and in the resulting fields are built single vaults that, as Guarini states, leave great spaces for painting. In the figures 4 and 5 of plate XX there are two ‘a fasce’ vaults, defined by arches and linear lintels, respectively (Figure 3). They are characterized by Guarini’s choice to dispose diagonally the ‘fasce’, and this configuration transmits a rotational movement to the vault, similar to that of the domes in Guarini’s churches. Conversely, the schemes that present the ‘fasce’ in parallel with the perimeter walls are diffused in the late Baroque architectures, when architects like