The 1548 Dissolution of the Chantries and Clergy of the Midland County Surveys

The 1548 Dissolution of the Chantries and Clergy of the Midland County Surveys

MANAGING CHANGE IN THE ENGLISH REFORMATION: THE 1548 DISSOLUTION OF THE CHANTRIES AND CLERGY OF THE MIDLAND COUNTY SURVEYS BY SYLVIA MAY GILL A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Modern History College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham March 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. INFORMATION FOR ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING SERVICES The information on this form will be published. To minimize any risk of inaccuracy, please type your text. Please supply two copies of this abstract page. Full name (surname first): Gill, Sylvia May School/Department: School of History and Cultures/Modern History Full title of thesis/dissertation: Managing Change in The English Reformation: The 1548 Dissolution of the Chantries and Clergy of the Midland County Surveys Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Date of submission: March 2010 Date of award of degree (leave blank): Abstract (not to exceed 200 words - any continuation sheets must contain the author's full name and full title of the thesis/dissertation): The English Reformation was undeniably a period of change; this thesis seeks to consider how that change was managed by those who were responsible for its realisation and by individuals it affected directly, principally during the reign of Edward VI. It also considers how the methodology adopted contributes to the historiography of the period and where else it might be applied. Central to this study is the 1548 Dissolution of the Chantries, the related activities of the Court of Augmentations and the careers of clerics from five Midland counties for whom this meant lost employment. In addition to the quantitative analysis of original documentation from the Court, counties and dioceses, the modern understanding of change management for organisations and individuals has been drawn upon to extrapolate and consider further the Reformation experience. The conclusions show how clerical lives and careers were or were not continued, while emphasising that continuation requires an enabling psychological management of change which must not be overlooked. The evidence for the state demonstrates that its realisation of its immediate aims contained enough of formal change management requirements for success, up to a point, while adding to the longer-term formation of the state in ways unimagined. Abstract and Access form Library Services May 2009 For my Mother, Claire and Max Acknowledgements Where to start with acknowledgements? Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Alec Ryrie for his help and advice which has been invaluable, and his patience which has been admirable; he has done his best with me, I take responsibility for all else. Secondly, I would like to thank Professor Robert Swanson who introduced me to the Chantry Surveys when I was working for my MA; to him must go the ‘blame’ for both my MA dissertation and this thesis but it is an introduction I am pleased to have had. I must also thank Dr Peter Cunich of the University of Hong Kong who, early in my research, provided valuable guidance on material in the National Archives. Like many researchers past and present, I have had help and assistance from archive staff in a number of locations and would like to thank those at the National Archives in Kew and the local record offices of Gloucester, Hereford, Lichfield, Warwick and Worcester and Hereford Cathedral Archives. In addition, thanks go to staff in the University of Birmingham’s Main Library, in Special Collections and The Shakespeare Institute for their help and guidance. Administration staff in the College of Arts and Law also deserve acknowledgement and I would like particularly to thank Sue Bowen, Heather Cullen and Julie Tonks. This period of study has been my third at the University of Birmingham and, as ever with an undertaking such as this, it is the people you meet along the way who enrich the whole experience. I am grateful for the support I have received from my colleagues in the School of History and Cultures Postgraduate Forum and have enjoyed and profited from the discussions we have had and the experience of hosting our three one-day conferences. Amongst the friends I have made at Birmingham I would particularly like to thank Dr Richard Churchley, Margaret Cooper, Dr Anna French, Vicky Henshaw, Kate Lack, Denise Thomas, Dr Matt Edwards, Dr Katie Wright and Dr Neil Younger. To these I would also add Professor Richard Cust, Dr Elaine Fulton (both of Birmingham), Dr Graeme Murdock, (formerly of Birmingham now at Trinity College, Dublin) and especially Dr Alison Dalton, of Exeter College, University of Oxford, for her friendship, encouragement and conversations about ‘priests we have known’! I would also like to acknowledge two people who have provided encouragement at different points in my academic career: my former history teacher Gavin Goulson and Fred Bridges, glass technologist and friend, whose comment was always, ‘so, what’s next’? Finally, to the people to whom this thesis is dedicated; my late mother who I wish could have stayed a little longer, to my daughter Claire for her support and ‘mentoring’, and my grandson Max, who has inherited the history ‘gene’, long may he enjoy it. Sylvia Gill March 2010 Contents Abbreviations Page Introduction 1 1. The English Reformation - Who And Why 2. Removing ‘Popish Purgatory’ 3. Historiography – Past And Present 3.1 Perspectives on Reformation 3.2 Perspectives on Institutions 4. Thesis Context And Approach 5. Database and Thesis Structure Chapter One Implementing The Reformation: A Change Management Experience? 25 1. The Reformation Context 2. Change Management – Methodology 3. Managing Cultural Change 3.1 Development Process For Cultural Change 4. Key Features Of Cultural Change Theory 4.1 Dimension and Leadership 4.2 Strategy and Approach 4.3 Aspects of Leadership 5 Cultural Change 5.1 Prosopography 5.2 Bereavement and Change 6. Reactions To Change – Re-Definition, Re-Integration, Re-Formation 7. A Modern Priestly Parallel? 8. Conclusion - The Pragmatic Demands Of Change Implementation Chapter Two Realising The Dissolution 67 1. Edward VI’s First Parliament 2. Paying Off Purgatory 2.1 From Monasteries To Chantries 3. Working Through The Policy 3.1 Issues, Pensions And Payments 4. ‘Augmentations’ - The Court At The Heart Of Change 4.1 Reorganised And Reinvigorated 4.2 From The Court To The County - William Crowche, Surveyor Of Herefordshire 4.3 From The County To The Parish 5. Conclusion- Paying Off Purgatory Chapter Three Surveying The Evidence And Certifying The Foundations 108 1. Commissioning The Survey: Articles And Activities 2. The Certificate Evidence 2.1 The Foundations 3. Priests And Posts 3.1 Status 3.2 Age Groups 3.3 Learning And Behaviour 3.4 Character Assessments 4. Clerical Stipends And Income 4.1 Other Livings Or Promotions 4.2 Other Income – Numbers And Values 4.3 Ex-Religious And Pensions 4.4 Clerical Stipends - Conclusion 5. Local Influences 5.1 Urban Dominance 6. Conclusion -The Certificates Evidence Chapter Four Careers In Changing Times 167 1. Identification, Sources And Status 2. Titles And Status 3. Ordinations And Titles To Orders 3.1 Personal Titles 4. Appointments To 1548 Posts 4.2 Ex-Religious 5. Other Employment 5.1 Jobs and Income 5.2 Local Connections And Working Arrangements 5.3 Cathedral Places And Connections 5.4 Family Connections 5.5 Making An Unbeneficed Living (1) 6. Chequered Careers? 7. Meeting The Reformation 7.1 Bristol – 1539 7.2 Gloucester – 1540 7.3 Shrewsbury – 1547 7.4 Hereford 1546 – 1548 8. Conclusion- Careers And Change Chapter 5 Working In The New World 217 1. Managing And Accommodating 2. Giving And Receiving Pensions 2.1 Awarding Pensions And Posts 2.2 Pension Payments 3. Crown Financial Anxieties 1551-1553 4. Local Consequences 5. New Jobs For Old 5.1 Worthy To Continue 5.2 New Posts –When And Where 6. Moving On – New Posts And Places 6.1 Stipendiaries And Curates 6.2 Making An Unbeneficed Living (2) 7. Clerical Poverty 8. Moving On - Success And Failure 9. Conclusion-Moving On In The New World Chapter Six The End of Things: Last Wills and Testaments 273 1. Consequences 2. Age, Vulnerability And Dates Of Death 3. Last Wills And Testaments 3.1 Document Survival 3.2 Purpose and Preambles 4. Testaments And Bequests 4.1 Bequests To The Church 4.2 Bequests To The Poor And Good Causes 5. Clerical Friends 5.1 Clerics In Clerical Wills 5.2 Remembering Clerical Friends 5.3 Clerical Creditors And Debtors 6. Clerical Families 7. Conclusion-A Good End? Conclusion 331 1. Change Management And State Formation 2. Change Management And Individuals 3. Loss, Change, Acculturation, Negotiation 4. Networks 5. Summing Up 5.1 Prosopographical Findings 5.2 Consequences, Complexity and Reformation Appendix I Tables for Chapter Three 350 Appendix II Tables for Chapter Four 357 Appendix III Tables for Chapter Five 364 Appendix IV Tables for Chapter Six 370 Appendix V Select Biographies 378 Bibliography 390 ABBREVIATIONS Documents and Locations APC Dasent, John R, ed, Acts of the Privy Council, new series, Vol 1 and Vol 2 (London: HMSO 1890-1930) C&Y Canterbury and York Society CCC Corpus Christi College CCEd The Clergy of the Church of England Database CPR Brodie, R.H.

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