1 Welcome! LINAC: Linear Accelerator It has driven SLAC science for 50 years 2 Department of Energy Office of Science National Laboratories Idaho National Laboratory Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Pacific Northwest Laboratory National Energy Technology Laboratory Ames National Brookhaven Laboratory National Lawrence Livermore National Renewable Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Energy Laboratory National Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory Thomas Jefferson SLAC National National Accelerator Facility Accelerator Los Alamos Laboratory Oak Ridge National National Laboratory Laboratory Sandia National Laboratories Savannah River National Laboratory National Nuclear Security Administration Lab Office of Fossil Energy Lab Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Lab Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology Lab Office of Environmental Management Lab Office of Science Lab 3 Stanford University DOE pays Stanford $1 per year to lease 426 acres of land 240 Universities worldwide use our resources 4 1,663 Employees from 36 Countries -205 Postdocs and Grad Students ; 3,100 Facility Users & Visiting Scientists 142 Buildings 1,000 Scientific Papers published each year in peer-reviewed journals 6 Scientists awarded the Nobel Prize for work done at SLAC 1st North American Website $350,000,000 Budget (10% of this goes for energy consumption) Jan 26, 2012 5 Our Directors through the years: 1961-1984 1984-1999 1999-2007 Wolfgang “Pief” Burton Richter Jonathan Dorfan Panofsky 2007-Present The science done by our staff will drive innovations in our Persis Drell facilities. And then the capabilities of the facilities will drive advances in the science. This has historically been key to SLAC's success, and it is key to our future now as well.” – Persis Drell 6 SLAC: From Fossils to Photons Adele Panofsky 15 million years old Dolphin Jaw Fossil Paleoparadoxia Fossil Mammal Mako Shark Teeth 7 History of SLAC Building the Linear Accelerator Construction began in 1962 - Originally called Project M - Stanford Linear Accelerator Center - SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Longest building in the world: - 3,074 Meters or 1.9 Miles - Until Beijing… Three stories underground •- Radiation shielding •- Thermal stability •- Seismic stability 8 How the LINAC works: Klystrons supply the energy 1 Klystron = 60,000 = Microwave ovens 1 Klystron Electrons and positrons ride the electromagnetic wave - e 9 How the LINAC works Energies Achieved: Speed of Electrons: -Accelerate electrons and positrons as percentage of speed of light -Energy levels to 50 GeV - 99.999 % at injector (50 Billion Electron Volts) - 99.9999999% at end 10 Why did we build it? Make electron beams to study the structure of matter, to create known particles and study their nature Progress to discover new particles with End E = mc2 Stations (Fixed Target Experiments) Discover more new particles using electron- positron colliding beams with center-of-mass energies ~3-90 GeV Pioneer Particle Physics Research! 11 End Stations and Colliders: Rich history of discoveries 12 We did it! Particle Science Breakthroughs Fundamental Structure of Matter – Molecules – Atoms – Nucleus (protons & neutrons) – Elementary particles The “Standard Model” ? 13 We did it! Particle Science Breakthroughs Fundamental Structure of Matter – Molecules – Atoms – Nucleus (protons & neutrons) – Elementary particles The “Standard Model” ? Discovered at SLAC 14 We did it! Particle Science Breakthroughs Fundamental Structure of Matter – Molecules – Atoms – Nucleus (protons & neutrons) – Elementary particles The “Standard Model” ? Extensively studied at SLAC 15 Hold NobelSlide for Prizes Nobels Physics, Physics, 1990 1976 Deep inelastic Pioneering scattering of experimental electrons on contributions protons and to lepton bound neutrons physics. Essential for the development of Burton Richter Samuel C.C. Ting Richard E. Taylor Jerome I. Friedman Henry W. Kendall the quark model Physics, Chemistry, 2006 1995 Studies of the molecular Discovery of basis of eukaryotic the transcription tau lepton Martin L. Perl Frederick Reines Roger Kornberg Physics, 2008 Chemistry, 2009 Theory of broken Studies of the structure symmetries later and function of the observed by BaBar ribosome, foundation studies at SSRL 16 Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa Ada Yonath We’re not done yet… Particles studied from ~1900 onward Atoms only make up 4% of the Universe 17 First Western Hemisphere Website • December 1991 • From desire to share • Installed on data with sister lab, IBM VM/CMS CERN in Switzerland T-Shirt with first 5 Users NeXT computer First North American Website Page used to create Western Hemisphere first website 18 Our Mission Today Our programs explore the ultimate structure and dynamics of matter and the properties of energy, space and time - at the smallest and largest scales, in the fastest processes and at the highest energies - through robust scientific programs, excellent accelerator based user facilities and valuable partnerships. • Explore • Smallest to Largest Scales • Fastest • Highest Energies LINAC How do we do this now? 19 Present and Future: Diversified Portfolio X-ray Science Super-Computing: All areas of the LAB Astrophysics High Energy Kavli Institute for Particle Physics Astrophysics and Cosmology Future Accelerators Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests Facilities for Scientific Users Stanford Linac Synchrotron Coherent Radiation Light Source Lightsource SSRL: Science 21 SSRL: Experimental Stations Scientific Techniques Used at SSRL 32 stations • Accelerator Physics • Macromolecular Crystallography • Materials Scattering • Molecular Environmental • Small Angle Scattering • Powder Diffraction • X-ray Spectroscopy • Angle-Resolved Photoelecton Spectroscopy • X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy • Material Science • Magnetic Dichroism Spectroscopy 22& Microscopy SSRL: Results Identified key atoms in nitrogenase Deciphered the structure of Mediator, a molecular enzyme critical in food supply process for regulating transcription of DNA Confuciusornis unequivocally shows copper correlates with tight groups of body feathers and with regions associated with wings. Calcium Copper Confuciusornis sanctus, ~120 million year old, the oldest documented bird. Chemical traces of elements are revealed at SSRL. 23 LCLS: X-ray Science 24 LCLS: How it Works Molecular Imaging (Movie) X-ray ‘camera’ with shutter speed of 0.00000000000001 sec (femtosecond) 1 fs = 10‐15 s = 1 thousandth of a millionth of a millionth second See atoms and electrons moving on their natural timescale to watch a chemical reaction atom by atom LCLS: How it Works Molecular Imaging (Slide) X-ray ‘camera’ with shutter speed of 0.00000000000001 sec (femtosecond) 1 fs = 10‐15 s = 1 thousandth of a millionth of a millionth second See atoms and electrons moving on their natural timescale to watch a chemical reaction atom by atom26 LCLS: Experimental Stations Hutch 1: AMO Hutch 2: SXR Hutch 3: XPP Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Soft X-ray X-ray Pump Probe Hutch 4: XCS Hutch 5: CXI Hutch 6: MEC X-ray Correlation Spectroscopy Coherent X-ray Imaging Matter in Extreme Conditions27 LCLS: Results Protein Structure for Photosystem 1 used during photosynthesis Imaging a Mimivirus Molecular structure of proteins as Creating 2,000,000 oC plasma measured by X-ray Patterns 28 Astrophysics Using the Entire Universe as our Laboratory How did the Universe begin? How is it changing today? Studying the most extreme objects in the Universe Searching for Dark Matter 29 Astrophysics: Active Facilities One example: Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope 30 Astrophysics: The Future 31 Astrophysics: The Future SLAC is designing the world’s largest digital camera – 3200 Megapixels! 1.8 meters 32 FACET: Next Generation Accelerator • Exploring new technologies for particle acceleration. • Much smaller and less expensive! • Hope to do what the 3 km LINAC does in a few meters by means of plasma and/or laser acceleration. Will advance accelerator, medical, and energy sciences 33 Super Computing: Global Partnerships ATLAS Detector records enough data to fill six million CDs every minute. SLAC analyzes a total of 3 billion megabytes of raw recorded data each year as a global partner. 34 Safety Watch your step We have been radiologically safe for 50 years! 35 Questions? 36 What I do at SLAC: 37 See below for extra slides Any slide you use should have images that are clear and new as you can find for the subject matter Use Times New Roman Font 38 Archaeopteryx More Dinosaur than bird ἀρχαῖος (archaīos) = ancient πτέρυξ (ptéryx) = feather Reptile Traits: Bird Traits: • Toothed Beak • Airfoil Wings • Wing Claws • Contour Feathers • Long tail • Size of present day w/vertebrae raven 39 40 41 42 43 Don’t use this slide unless we manage to change the old SLAC Logo 45 Archimedes Palimpset When hit by the synchrotron X-rays the iron pigment in the original ink fluoresced and allowed researchers to see the text for the first time. 46 Our Past Missions and Successes End Station A End Station B • Electroweak unification • Advanced Accelerator R&D • Quarks in protons, neutrons SPEAR • Original charm quark discovery: J/psi Final Focus Test Beam • Discovery of tau lepton • Advanced accelerator R&D • Test beams BaBar • Detector at PEP II SLD: Stanford Large Detector • Matter - Antimatter Asymmetry • Detector for SLC 0 • Data set still being used • Produced Z particle 47 Reconstructed Particle Tracks Interaction Energy Deposits