Palgrave Studies in Minority Languages and Communities Series Editor Gabrielle Hogan-Brun Vytautas Magnus University Kaunas, Lithuania Worldwide migration and unprecedented economic, political and social integration present serious challenges to the nature and position of language minorities. Some communities receive protective legislation and active support from states through policies that promote and sustain cultural and linguistic diversity; others succumb to global homogenisation and assimilation. At the same time, discourses on diversity and emancipation have produced greater demands for the management of diference. Tis series publishes new research based on single or comparative case studies on minority languages worldwide. We focus on their use, status and prospects, and on linguistic pluralism in areas with immigrant or traditional minority communities or with shifting borders. Each volume is written in an accessible style for researchers and students in linguistics, education, politics and anthropology, and for practitioners interested in language minorities and diversity. We welcome submissions in either monograph or Pivot format. More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14611 Peter Jordan • Přemysl Mácha Marika Balode • Luděk Krtička Uršula Obrusník • Pavel Pilch Alexis Sancho Reinoso Place-Name Politics in Multilingual Areas A Comparative Study of Southern Carinthia (Austria) and the Těšín/ Cieszyn Region (Czechia) Peter Jordan Přemysl Mácha Institute of Urban and Regional Research Department of Memory Studies Austrian Academy of Sciences at the Institute of Ethnology Vienna, Austria Czech Academy of Sciences Brno, Czech Republic Faculty of Humanities University of the Free State Luděk Krtička Bloemfontein, South Africa Department of Human Geography and Regional Development Marika Balode University of Ostrava Dept of Geography and Regional Studies Brno, Czech Republic University of Klagenfurt Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Kärnten, Austria Pavel Pilch Department of Philosophy Uršula Obrusník Masaryk University Department of Anthropology Brno, Czech Republic University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK Alexis Sancho Reinoso Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology University of Vienna Vienna, Austria Palgrave Studies in Minority Languages and Communities ISBN 978-3-030-69487-6 ISBN 978-3-030-69488-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69488-3 © Te Editor(s) (if applicable) and Te Author(s) 2021 Tis work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Te use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Te publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Te publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afliations. Cover illustration: Marika Balode Tis Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Te registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Tis book was supported by the Austrian Science Fund [Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung, FWF] with the project number I 2366-G23 and the Czech Grant Agency [Grantová agentura České republiky, GAČR] with the project number 16-34841L. v Contents 1 Introduction 1 Contributed by Peter Jordan and Přemysl Mácha 2 The Wider Onomastic Scope of the Research Topic 13 Contributed by Peter Jordan and Přemysl Mácha 3 The Challenges of Studying Place-Name Politics in Multilingual Areas 45 Contributed by Přemysl Mácha, Uršula Obrusník, Peter Jordan, and Alexis Sancho Reinoso 4 Linguistic Minorities in Austria and Czechia: Historical, Political, and Cultural Contexts 71 5 The Two Minority Situations Compared 177 6 Research Results 287 7 Comparative Interpretation of Research Results 517 Contributed by Peter Jordan and Přemysl Mácha vii viii Contents 8 Conclusions 529 Contributed by Peter Jordan and Přemysl Mácha Appendices 537 Name Index 573 Subject Index 589 List of Figures Fig. 1.1 Te two research teams (missing: Luděk Krtička) during their excursion in the Těšín/Cieszyn region in 2017. From left to right: Přemysl Mácha, Marika Balode, Alexis Sancho Reinoso, Peter Jordan, Pavel Pilch, Uršula Obrusník. (Photo by Luděk Krtička) 7 Fig. 2.1 Factors of the place-naming process. (Source: Jordan 2019a) 17 Fig. 2.2 Multiple space-related identities. (Source: Jordan 2019a) 19 Fig. 2.3 Label functioning as a place name at the entrance to an ofce. (Photo by Peter Jordan 2014) 24 Fig. 2.4 Westernmost bilingual (German/Slovene) town sign in Carinthia near Hermagor. (Photo by Peter Jordan 2015) 24 Fig. 2.5 Trilingual (Romanian/Hungarian/German) town sign in Romania. (Photo by Peter Jordan 2006) 25 Fig. 2.6 Damaged bilingual (Italian/Resian) town sign in Valle di Resia, Italy. (Photo by Peter Jordan 2008) 26 Fig. 2.7 Subdivision of Europe into macro-regions by cultural criteria. (Draft: Peter Jordan, cartography by R. Richter, Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde) 28 Fig. 2.8 Town sign in Romania in two alphabets and scripts: Romanian-Latin, Ukrainian-Cyrillic. (Photo by Peter Jordan 2008) 29 Fig. 2.9 Town sign nearby Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. (Photo by Peter Jordan 2008) 30 ix x List of Figures Fig. 4.1 Speakers of Burgenland-Croatian by communes in 2001. (Source: Statistik Austria 2020) 82 Fig. 4.2 Speakers of Slovene by communes in 2001. (Source: Statistik Austria 2020) 83 Fig. 4.3 Speakers of Hungarian by communes in 2001. (Source: Statistik Austria 2020) 84 Fig. 4.4 Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1910—Administrative- territorial subdivision. (Source: Rumpler and Seger 2010) 88 Fig. 4.5 Administrative-territorial subdivision of Austria into federal states, political districts, and (in Vienna [Wien]) communal districts (Source: Seger 2019) 93 Fig. 4.6 German dialects spoken in Austria. (Source: AKO 2012) 101 Fig. 4.7 In addition to the ofcial town sign according to Federal Act No. 46/2011 naming a village in the Commune Hermagor Dellach/Dole, a local initiative placed a ‘private’ town sign showing the name Dule in the local Slovenian dialect. Te ‘private’ sign has in the meantime been removed. (Photo by Maciej Zych 2014) 119 Fig. 4.8 Historical lands and their original administrative centers in the current territory of Czechia. (Cartography: Přemysl Mácha) 131 Fig. 4.9 Share of German-speaking population in the Czech lands in 1930. (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland) 132 Fig. 4.10 Nationalities other than Czech in the 2011 census by districts [okresy]. (Source: Czech Statistical Ofce 2020, cartography: Přemysl Mácha) 143 Fig. 4.11 Germans in the 2011 census by districts [okresy]. (Source: Czech Statistical Ofce 2020, cartography: Přemysl Mácha) 144 Fig. 4.12 Poles in the 2011 census by districts [okresy]. (Source: Czech Statistical Ofce 2020, cartography: Přemysl Mácha) 144 Fig. 4.13 Slovaks in the 2011 census by districts [okresy]. (Source: Czech Statistical Ofce 2020, cartography: Přemysl Mácha) 145 Fig. 4.14 Ukrainians in the 2011 census by districts [okresy]. (Source: Czech Statistical Ofce 2020, cartography: Přemysl Mácha) 145 Fig. 4.15 Vietnamese in the 2011 census by districts [okresy]. (Source: Czech Statistical Ofce 2020, cartography: Přemysl Mácha) 146 List of Figures xi Fig. 4.16 Russians in the 2011 census by districts [okresy]. (Source: Czech Statistical Ofce 2020, cartography: Přemysl Mácha) 146 Fig. 4.17 Czechs/Bohemians in the 2011 census by districts [okresy]. (Source: Czech Statistical Ofce 2020, cartography: Přemysl Mácha) 147 Fig. 4.18 Moravians in the 2011 census by districts [okresy]. (Source: Czech Statistical Ofce 2020, cartography: Přemysl Mácha) 147 Fig. 4.19 Silesians in the 2011 census by districts [okresy]. (Source: Czech Statistical Ofce 2020, cartography: Přemysl Mácha) 148 Fig. 4.20 Roma in the 2011 census by districts [okresy]. (Source: Czech Statistical Ofce 2020, cartography: Přemysl Mácha) 148 Fig. 4.21 Regions [kraje] and their administrative centers. (Cartography: Přemysl Mácha) 153 Fig. 5.1 Austria’s territorial-administrative subdivision into federal states and political districts. (Source: Hölzel 2011: 16) 178 Fig. 5.2 Carinthia’s natural-geographical structure. (Source: Wikipedia) 178 Fig. 5.3 Carinthia’s glaciation in the last ice age, glaciers in blue. (Source: Seger 2010: 104). (Color fgure online) 179 Fig. 5.4 Carnic Alps [Karnische Alpen/Alpi Carniche]. (Photo by Peter Jordan 2008) 179 Fig. 5.5 Celtic kingdom Noricum. (Source: Hölzel 2004: 55) 180 Fig. 5.6 Roman province Noricum. (Source: Lendl et al. 1972: 35) 181 Fig. 5.7 Alpine-Slavonic settlement in the sixth to ninth centuries (black screens) and principality of Carantania (surrounded by a black line). (Source: Lukan and Moritsch 1988) 182 Fig. 5.8 Duchy of Carinthia [Kärnten] with marches (dark orange) and Ostarrichi (paler orange) around 1000. (Source: Lendl et al. 1972: 47). (Color fgure online) 183 Fig. 5.9 Share of protestants in Carinthia in 1923. (Source: Wutte et al. 1925: Map 53). (Color fgure online) 185 Fig. 5.10 Maria Saal 188 Fig. 5.11 Aquileia. (Photos by Peter Jordan 2005 and 2012) 189 Fig. 5.12 Share of toponyms of Slavonic origin in pre-1919 Carinthia by court districts. (Source: Kranzmayer 1956, accompany- ing map folder) 190 xii List of Figures Fig. 5.13 Language boundary between German (red) and Slovene (blue) in 1851.