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Ill) ...1'" ..I copieo t frw disuibutioa. ....-..... ____.. .. 0. < _~ .. .,.,....-- CONTENTS Page Int rod uction .................................... 1 Grain weevils 000000000000000000000000000000000000 1 Granary weevil 00000000000000000000000000000000 1 Rice weevil 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 00 000000000000 000 2 Maize weevil 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 000 00000000000 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 3 Broadnosed grain weevil 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 000 3 Coffee bean weevil 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 4 G rain borers 000000000000000000000000000000000000 6 Lesser grain borer 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 6 Larger grain borer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 000000000000 00 0 0 00 0 8 Grain moths 000000000000000000000000000000000000 9 Angoumois grain moth 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 0 000 0 000 9 Pink scavenger caterpillar 00000 000 0000 00000000000 10 European grain moth 0 00 00 00000000000 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 12 Rice moth 000000000000000000000000000000000000 12 Flour moths 000000000000000000000000000000000000 14 Indian meal moth 0 0 0 0 00 00000000000000 00 0 00 0 0 000 14 Mediterranean flour moth 0000000000000000000000 15 Meal moth 000000000000000000000000000000000000 16 Grain and flour beetles 000000000000000000000000000 19 Cadelle 000000000000000000000000000000000000000 19 Sawtoothed grain beetle 00000000000000000000000 0' 20 Merchant grain beetle 00000000000000000000000000 21 Squarenecked grain beetle 0 000 00 0 000 0 0 000 000 0 0 0 0 21 Foreign grain beetle 0000000000000000000000000000 22 Mexican grain beetle 000000000000000000000000000 22 Siamese grain beetle 0000000000000000000000000000 22 Flat grain beetle 00000 00000000000000000000000000 23 Rusty grain beetle 00000000000000000000000000000 24 Confused flour beetle 000000000000000000000000000 24 Red flour beetle 0 00 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 26 American black flour beetle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 Longheaded flour beetle 000000000000000000000000 28 Slenderhorned flour beetle 0000000000000000000 000 29 Smalleyed flour beetle 00000000000000000000000000 29 Depressed flour beetle 00000000000000000000000000 29 Broadhorned flour beetle 0 0 0 0 0 0 :- 0000000000000000 29 Larger black flour beetle 000000000000000000000000 30 ,..- .... ' • < • 'oO '""t' •. , .« Page Eggs of flour and grain insects · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. 31 Mealworms 32 Yellow mealworm · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . · .. 32 Dark mealworm 34 Lesser mealworm 34 Black fungus beetle 34 Redhorned grain beetle 35 Dermestid beetles 37 Black carpet beetle · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. 37 Trogoderma beetles 37 Spider beetles 40 Hairy spider beetle · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. 40 Whitemarked spider beetle 40 Brown spider beetle 41 Other spider beetles 41 Miscellaneous beetles · · · · · . · · . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. 42 Twobanded fungus beetle 42 Hairy fungus beetle 42 Corn sap beetle .. ·····.······················ .. 43 Cigarette beetle .. ···.························ .. 44 Drugstore beetle · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. 45 Catorama beetles 45 Murmidius beetle 46 Booklice or psocids 46 Silverfish 47 Cockroaches 48 Flour or grain mites. · · · " 50 Parasites of grain pests 52 How grain becomes infested. ················.·.. .. 55 How to prevent or reduce primary infestation 56 Prepared by the Aarlcultara. Relearch Service Ualted Stat. Departmeat 01 Aarlcultare This handbook supersedes and enlarges Farmers' Bulletin 1260, "Stored­ Grain Pests." IssuedFebuary 1978 Washington, D.C. Revised and approved fex' printing January 1986 STORED-GRAIN INSECTS INTRODUCTION Since the establishment of Federal be found in grain may be called standards for grain under the pro­ simply beetles, moths, and meal­ visions of the Grain Standards Act, worms. Their presence usually does Federal grain supervisors and feder­ not indicate a condition likely to ally licensed grain inspectors have affect the grain trade, if the grain, been required to identify the various after it has reached the elevator, is species of "live weevils and other screened and fanned to remove these insects injurious to stored grain" insects. which may be present in the grain. This handbook briefly describes For accurate identification, uniform the biology, life histories, and habits names should be used by all inter­ of stored-grain insects and gives ested persons, including shipper, pur­ effective methods for the prevention chaser, and elevator operator. and control of grain infestations. Of the five primary insect pests, Grain weevils, grain borers, grain the granary weevil, the rice weevil, moths, flour moths, grain and flour the maize weevil, and the lesser grain beetles, mealworms, dermestid bee­ borer may well be called grain wee­ tles, spider beetles, miscellaneous bee­ vils. The fifth primary pest, the tles, booklice or psocids, silverfish, Angoumois grain moth, so destruc­ cockroaches, flour or grain mites, tive to wheat and corn, may be called and parasites of grain pests are dis­ a grain moth. Other insects likely to cussed. GRAIN WEEVILS Of the five true weevils that attack snouts, as shown in figures 1, 3, and grain in the United States, only three 4. are of primary importance-the Granary Weevil granary weevil, the rice weevil, and the maize weevil. Except locally, the The granary weevil, Sitophilus broadnosed grain weevil and the granarius (Linnaeus),' is a small, coffee bean weevil are of minor moderately polished, blackish or importance. All but the coffee bean weevil have elongated beaks or I Coleoptera, Curculionidae. 2 AGRICULTURF. llANDROOK NO. ~ O O, U.S. DF.PT, O~' lIGHICULTL'lIE ch.<tnu t·h,owo be.,I. (ri,. IAJ, ·] h. f.mal. lay. 50 to 250 eu' d",in, lhis hcad nl.nd, in lO a lon , , l.nd., r<"od. 8. fo,. layil\lt, ,he fema1. u'"'. noul w'ilh a paiT of .lOul mand iM., h.r mandihles to bore a .mall hole in 0' j. ...s al Ih••nd. This in"d is nol a ,rain " tn.L She th. n d.po.i" a n mor. Ih. n Ihr«,-si'I' <olh. of an ioch . " lhro", h the hole aod "",. .. ,I Jon, and oft. n i• •maller, Th.r. are w'ith a , . Ialioo" . fl"id Ihat ..al. the no w'io,. uoder Ih. »i n, co", ,,, and hoi• . Th. ,mall, " hil' . Ik,h}" . leg1." lh. lho,ax i. ",·.n ma, k<d ",ilh l" n,i. , r" h 0' la,,,a hatch.. from tho en lud,nal pundure•. t",·o charaderis''''' and hurro"'. aho m in.ide tho kernel. lhal di.t ingui.h Ihi. in>Cd from Ih. When fully , ,,,,, no lh. la"'a Iran,· clo«ly ,.laled ,icc "'·....'il ",'ith which form. into a pup.a and lh.n into an il is oh<n lound. aduh Th. g,. na l')' w",·il. on. of ,h. In ",a, m "·. a ther , th e , ra",,1')' old ••t kno"'n in..." 1"''''. has he.n w. ..'i1 d ....lop. f,om ,h. elll' 10 Ih. carri<d hy' comm.". 10 all paris of ad ull "ag. in ahout 4 ,, «k<. ( 'old the » o, ld. It prrf.... t<mpe,a" di. ".alher ' ''atly proloog. the d..·. I· mal. and i. more frcqu.nlly found in opm.nta] I"'riod , tho S orthrrn St al •• lhan in the South, Rice Weeyll Bolh the ad ult. and la"a. f.ed ,oraciou.l}' on a gr. a t , a, i<ly of Th. ric< ",,,,'il. Siwphilu., ""':0' grain•. Th. ad ult w•••,il. Ii.·• . on an (Linno,u'l.' i. a ,mall snout ~tl• • ,·.,ag. 7 10 8 monl h. , and .ach which '·aTi•• in . i1<, hUI it a..,a , .. ~ ".", l ._ {;" " . ft>il. ILf" to "",,, ;1ad"": ' ''''''.'>« ...", ad ult. " "'. moon il ad ult STORED GRAIN INSECTS 3 about three thirty-seconds of an inch slightly larger,up to one-eighth of an in length.