The Maizebook Michigan Law Review, Vol. 114 ! ! ! ! ! Table of Contents Introduction ii Structure and Use of Citations 1 Typefaces for Law Reviews 4 Subdivisions 5 Short Citation Forms 9 Quotations 11 Abbreviations, Numerals, and Symbols 18 Italicization for Style and in Unique Circumstances 20 Capitalization 21 Titles of Judges, Officials, and Terms of Court 23 Cases 24 Constitutions 29 Statutes 30 Administrative and Executive Materials 33 Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials 34 Periodical Materials 39 Unpublished and Forthcoming Sources 42 The Internet, Electronic Media, and Other Nonprint Resources 44 Book Review Citation Style 46 Biographical Footnotes 53 Spelling 54 Selected Punctuation 55 Selected Grammar, Style, and Usage 61 Case Names 64 Periodicals 65 i Introduction* ! INTRODUCTION This Maizebook contains the Michigan Law Review (MLR)’s rules of style, cita- tion form, and typography. In general, the Michigan Law Review follows the sixteenth edition of The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) and the twentieth edi- tion of The Bluebook with respect to citation, grammar, punctuation, and spelling. The Maizebook’s rules clarify The Bluebook’s rules, describe differences be- tween Bluebook form and MLR style, and address questions not covered in The Bluebook and CMS. Some of The Maizebook’s rules complement and modify The Bluebook and should be read together with the corresponding Bluebook rules. Where rules cor- respond to Bluebook rules, they are given the same number and are arranged in the same order, although they may contain new subsections. Some rules are meant to add to The Bluebook. These supplementary rules are numbered to correspond to the closest category in which the rules would fit in The Bluebook. Finally, some rules are independent of The Bluebook. They are numbered 22–26. These rules are organized into a few broad categories: •! MB 22 provides special rules for the Book Review issue; •! MB 23 governs the biographical footnote that appears at the begin- ning of student- and non-student-written works; and •! MB 24–26 clarify certain issues concerning spelling, punctuation, and grammar. Do not apply MB 24–26 while citechecking, since editing for style at the citechecking stage may aggravate consistency problems. Our executive editors will address stylistic concerns across the entire piece at the pageproofing and final review stages. Do apply MB 24–26, however, as you write your Note. Like Bluebook rules, Maizebook rules are preferred but may be dispensed with or altered per an author’s request. The Maizebook is also updated each year to add or remove rules or change existing rules. Thus, past issues of the Michigan Law Review cannot be relied on as authoritative guides for applying current Maizebook rules. Note that updates and corrections to The Bluebook can be found at https://www.legalbluebook.com/Public/Updates.aspx. In addition, tips on apply- ing Bluebook rules can be found at https://www.legalbluebook.com/Public/ BlueTips.aspx. The guidance in these updates and tips may be followed unless directly contradicted by a Maizebook rule. ii! ! Introduction* ! Before you begin your first citechecking assignment, you should note in your Bluebook whenever a rule is supplemented by a Maizebook rule. The Bluebook rules affected by The Maizebook are as follows: 1.2(a)–(e), 1.3, 1.4(a)–(j), 1.5(a), 1.6(c) 2.1(b), 2.2(a),(c) 3.1(a)–(c), 3.2(a)–(d), 3.3(a)–(c), 3.4, 3.5 4.1, 4.2(a)–(b) 5.1, 5.2(a), 5.2(d)–(e), 5.3(a), (c), (d)–(g) 6.1(a)–(b), 6.2(a), 6.2(d)–(e) 7(b) 8(a)–(c) 9(a) 10.1, 10.2.1(f), 10.2.1(k), 10.5(b), 10.6.1(a), 10.6.2, 10.6.3, 10.7, 10.7.1, 10.8.1, 10.8.3, 10.9 11 12.10(b), (e)-(f) 14.1, 14.5 15.1(a)–(b), 15.4(a), (c), 15.8(c)(i), 15.10.1 16, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 16.6(a), (f), 16.7.1, 16.7.2 17.2, 17.2.3, 17.2.4 18.2.1(c), 18.2.2(a)–(d), 18.6 T6 T13 An electronic copy of The Maizebook is available for download on CTools. The rules herein may be cited as MB [rule number]. iii! ! ! ! Structure*and*Use*of*Citations*/*Rule*1* ! STRUCTURE AND USE OF CITATIONS 1 Introductory Signals 1.2 Generally. Please read BB 1.2 as frequently as necessary to internalize its wis- dom: each introductory signal has a specific meaning. The large majority of ci- tations will call for [no signal]. Most authors tend to overuse “see” and “see, e.g.,”. This is fairly easy to correct at the citechecking stage, and we encourage you to make this edit. Check to see, for instance, if there is an inferential step between the cited authority and the point the author wishes to make. (b) Signal That Suggests a Useful Comparison. Use a comma after each source in a “Compare . , with” citation, even if there are only two sources. !! Compare(Harlow!v.!Fitzgerald,!457!U.S.!800!(1982),!with(Wood!v.! Strickland,!420!U.S.!308!(1975).! (e) Signals as Verbs. A signal can serve as a verb even at the beginning of a sentence. These signals, like all other signals used as verbs, are not italicized. !! See!Jane!W.!Owens,!Note,!Is(Natural(Gas(Pipeline(Regulation(Worth( the(Fuss?,!40!STAN.!L.!REV.!753!(1988),!for!a!discussion!of!whether! naturalPgas!pipeline!regulation!is!really!worth!the!fuss.( If a signal is used as a verb and only two sources are cited, include “and” between the two sources rather than a semicolon. Include a comma before the “and” only if there is at least one comma within the first citation (as with case citations) that is not part of the parenthetical. Do not include a comma before the “and” if no comma appears within the first citation, outside of the parenthetical information (as with book citations without an author). !! For!support!for!this!proposition,!see!United(States(v.(Cecil,!836!F.2d! 1431,!1439!(4th!Cir.!1988),!and!United(States(v.(Scop,!846!F.2d!135,! 142!(2d!Cir.!1988). But: !! For!an!overview!of!jury!nullification,!see!NULLIFICATION!WITHIN!THE! RULE!OF!LAW!57!(James!Henderson!ed.,!1993)!and!David!Farnham,! Jury(Nullification:(History(Proves(It’s(Not(a(New(Idea,!11!CRIM.!JUST.! 4!(1997).! When a signal is used as a verb and more than two sources are cited, order the sources in accordance with BB 1.4 and MB 1.4, separate the citations with sem- icolons, and place an “and” after the last semicolon (before the last citation). !! For!support,!see!United(States(v.(Cecil,!836!F.2d!1431,!1439!(4th! Cir.!1988)Z!United(States(v.(Scop,!846!F.2d!135,!142!(2d!Cir.!1988)Z! and!Washington(v.(United(States,!390!F.2d!444,!451!(D.C.!Cir.! 1967).! 1! ! Rule*1*/*Structure*and*Use*of*Citations* ! 1.3 Order of Signals If a footnote sentence uses a signal as a verb to introduce a sentence, make sure that the sentence contains only citations that are properly introduced by that sig- nal. Start a new sentence for citations that require a different signal. !! For!a!good!overview!of!the!Supreme!Court’s!recent!First!Amendment! jurisprudence,!see![citation].!See(also([citations].! NOT: !! For!a!good!overview,!see![citation]Z!see(also([citations].! 1.4 Order of Authorities Within Each Signal “Compare . , with” Citations. In a “Compare . , with” citation, order the sources on each side of the word “with” in accordance with BB 1.4 and MB 1.4. Signals Used as Verbs. If a signal is used as a verb per BB 1.2(e) and more than two sources are cited, the sources should be ordered in accordance with BB 1.4 and MB 1.4. Two of the Same Type of Source. When BB 1.4 indicates to order sources of the same type according to last name of author, use the last name of the first au- thor listed. If that information is the same for two sources, use the last names of any additional authors listed to break the tie. Then use any additional tiebreaker indicated by BB 1.4 for the source type if necessary. When BB 1.4 does not indicate how to order sources of the same type, cite the sources according to the last name of the first author listed. If that information is the same for two sources, use the last names of any additional authors listed to break the tie. If an additional tiebreaker is needed, cite the sources in reverse chronological order. (d) Cases. Cases decided by the same court in the same year are arranged in reverse chronological order based on the month and date. (i) Secondary Materials. If a source has no author, list it at the end of the similar sources (see BB 1.4(i)(1)–(10)) that do have authors. If there is more than one source of a particular kind with no author, or if there are multiple sources by the same author, list them alphabetically by title. Ignore “A,” “An,” and “The” for alphabetization purposes. (j) Cross-References. BB 1.4(j) applies only to internal cross-references to the author’s own text or footnotes. Citations that use “supra,” “infra,” or “hereinaf- ter” to cross-reference sources cited elsewhere in the piece are ordered in accord- ance with the rules under BB 1.4 and MB 1.4 that apply to the source type.