TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPIC PAGE NO. UNIT-I [The age of conflict and the Turkish conquest of North India] West and Central Asia between the 10th and 12th centuries 01 Developments in West and Central Asia 01 The Turkish advance towards India: The Hindushahis 03 Rajput Kingdoms in North India and the Ghaznavids 04 The Rise of Ghurids and their advance into India 06 The Battles of Tarain 07 Turkish Expansion into the Upper Ganga Valley 08 Muizzuddin Muhammad and Mahmud Ghazni 09 Causes of the defeat of the Rajputs 10 UNIT-II [Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate (1206-1236)] Establishment & territorial consolidation (1206-1236) 13 Qutbuddin Aibak and Iltutmish 14 Punjab and Sindh 15 Turkish Conquest of Bihar and Lakhnauti 15 Relations of Bengal with Delhi 17 Internal Rebellions, Conquest of Ranthambhor and Gwaliyar, and Raids into Bundelkhand and Malwa 17 Estimate of Iltutmish as a Ruler 18 UNIT-III [Struggle for the Establishment of a Centralized Monarchy (1236-1290)] Razia and the Period of Instability (1236-46) 19 The Age of Balban (1246-87) 21 Struggle for the Territorial Integrity of the Sultanate 25 Assessment of Balban 27 UNIT-IV [The Mongol threat to India during the 13th and 14th centuries] The Mongol Incursions (upto 1292) 29 The Mongol Threat to Delhi (1292-1328) 31 UNIT-V [Internal Restructuring of the Delhi Sultanate (1290-1320)] Jalaluddin and Alauddin Khalji's Approaches to the State 35 Agrarian and Market Reforms of Alauddin 36 The Territorial Expansion of the Delhi Sultanate (upto 1328) 41 ~ i ~ UNIT-VI [A Centralised All-India-State and Disintegration of the Sultanate] Ghiyasuddin and Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1320-1351) 48 Problems and Approaches 48 Experiments and Reforms 50 Administrative and Political Measures: Exodus to Deogiri 50 The Khurasan and Karachil Expeditions 51 Economic and Agrarian Reforms: Token Currency 52 Rebellions and Changes in the Ruling Class 55 Firuz's Concept of Benevolence and Peoples' Welfare 57 Military Expeditions of Firuz and their Impact 59 Reorganisation of the Nobility and the Administration 60 Developmental Activities—Agrarian and Urban 62 Disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate and its Causes 65 UNIT-VII [Government and Administration under the Delhi Sultanate] The Sultan 67 The Ministries 68 The Wazir 68 Diwan-i-Arz 70 Diwan-i-Insha 72 Diwan-i-Risalat 72 Court and the Royal Household 73 Provincial and Local Government 73 UNIT-VIII [Economic and Social life in North India under the Delhi Sultanate] Agricultural Production 75 Rural Society 76 The Revenue System 77 Non-Agricultural Production 79 Textiles 79 Metallurgy 80 Building Industry 80 Other Crafts including Paper-making 80 Trade 81 The Ruling Classes 82 The Chiefs—Emergence of "Zamindars" 85 Judicial and Junior Administrative Officers, and the Ulema 86 The Trading & Financial Classes 87 Standard of Living 88 Towns and Town Life: Artisans and Slaves 89 Slaves 90 Women, Caste, Social Manners and Customs 90 ~ ii ~ UNIT-IX [The Age of Vijayanagar and Bahmanids] The Vijayanagar Empire—its Nature and Conflict with the Bahmani Kingdom 92 The Bahmani Kingdom—its Growth and Disintegration 96 Age of Mahmud Gawan (1463-1482) 97 Climax of the Vijayanagar Empire and its Disintegration 99 UNIT-X [Establishment of Portuguese Control] Introduction 102 The Asian Oceanic Trade Network before the Coming of the Portuguese 103 The Portuguese Estado da India 105 The Portuguese Impact on the Indian Ocean Trade 107 UNIT-XI [Regional Kingdoms in North India] Rise of Regional Kingdoms 111 Eastern India—Bengal, Assam and Orissa 111 Western India: Gujarat, Malwa and Rajasthan 115 North-West and North India—The Sharqis, the Lodi Sultans and Kashmir 119 UNIT-XII [Religious and Cultural Life] Introduction 123 Architecture 124 Religious ideas and beliefs 126 The Sufi Movement: Early Origins 127 The Chishti and the Suhrawardi Silsilahs 129 The Bhakti Movement: Early Origins 133 Bhakti Movement in North India 135 The Vaishnavite Movement 138 Literature and Fine Arts 139 Regional Languages 141 Music 142 UNIT-XIII [The State under the Sultanate] Introduction 143 Legal, Political and Social Character of the State 143 Relations with the Ulema 146 Position of the Hindus 148 Despotism, Benevolence and Development 149 UNIT-XIV [Central Asian Politics and the Advance of Babur towards India] The Timurids 151 The Timurid-Uzbek and Uzbek-Iran Conflict and Babur 152 Babur's Advance towards India 156 ~ iii ~ UNIT-XV [Struggle for Empire-Afghans, Rajputs and the Mughals] Afghans, Rajputs and Mughals 158 Struggle between Ibrahim Lodi and Babur-The Battle of Panipat 159 Babur's problems after the Battle of Panipat- Struggle with Rana Sanga 161 Problems of the Eastern Areas and the Afghans 164 Babur's Contribution and Significance of his Advent into India 166 UNIT-XVI [Struggle for Empire in North India] Humayun and the Afghans 170 Interpreting Humayun's Reign 172 Early Activities of Humayun, and the Tussle with Bahadur Shah 172 The Gujarat Campaign 175 The Bengal Campaign, and Struggle with Sher Khan 178 Epilogue 181 UNIT-XVII [Sher Shah Suri & North Indian Empire] The Surs 182 Sher Shah's Early Life 182 Rise of Sher Shah to Power 183 The Sur Empire (1540-56) 185 Contributions of Sher Shah and Islam Shah 188 Character of the State under the Surs 192 UNIT-XVIII [Consolidation and Expansion of the Mughal Empire] Akbar-Conflict with the Afghans and Hemu 194 Struggle with the Nobility: Bairam Khan's Regency 195 Struggle for Wikalat, Revolt of Uzbek Nobles and Others 198 Early Expansion of the Empire (1560-76) 200 Relations with the Rajputs 204 Relations with Mewar 209 Emergence of a composite ruling class 212 Rebellions and Further Expansion of the Empire 213 UNIT-XIX [State and Government under Akbar] Akbar's Concept of Suzerainty 215 Structure of Government-Central and Provincial 217 The Vakil 217 The Central Ministries 218 Provincial Government 221 District and Local Government 223 The Working of Government - the Ruler 223 Land-Revenue System 224 The Dahsala System 226 The Working of the Dahsala System 227 ~ iv ~ The Mansabdari System and the Army 229 Evolution of the Mansabdari System 230 Zat and Sawar Ranks 231 Zat and Sawar Salaries 231 The Army 233 UNIT-XX [Akbar’s Religious Views] Relations with the Ulama and Social Reforms 235 The Early Phase (1556-73) 235 The Second Phase (1573-80) - the Ibadat Khana Debates 236 The Mahzar 238 Breach with Orthodox Ulama 239 Re-organisation of Madadd-i-Maash Grants 240 The Third or Final Phase of Akbar's Religious Beliefs 241 Din-i-Ilahi 242 Social Reforms and Towards Integration 244 UNIT-XXI [The Deccan and the Mughals (Upto 1657)] The Deccani States upto 1595 246 Mughal Advance towards the Deccan 248 Mughal Conquest of Berar, Khandesh and Parts of Ahmadnagar 250 Rise of Malik Ambar and Mughal Attempt at Consolidation 251 Extinction of Ahmadnagar 254 Acceptance of Mughal Suzerainty by Bijapur and Golconda 256 Shah Jahan and the Deccan 256 Cultural Contribution of the Deccani States 258 UNIT-XXII [Foreign Policy of the Mughals] Introduction 260 Akbar and the Uzbeks 261 The Question of Qandahar and Relations with Iran 263 Shah Jahan's Balkh Campaign 266 Mughal - Persian Relations - the Last Phase 268 UNIT-XXIII [India in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century] Jahangir's Accession - his Early Difficulties 270 Territorial Consolidation and Expansion of the Empire 271 Nur Jahan, and the Nur Jahan 'Junta' 273 The Rebellions of Shah Jahan 276 Mahabat Khan's coup de main 277 Jahangir as a Ruler 278 State and Religion in the First Half of the 17th Century 279 Shah Jahan's Religious Policy 282 Shah Jahan - Consolidation and Expansion of the Empire 284 ~ v ~ UNIT-XXIV [Aurangzeb - Religious Policies, North India and the Rajputs] War of Succession 287 Religious Policy : First Phase (1658-79) 290 Hindu Temples 293 Jizyah 294 Second Phase (1679-1707) 296 Territorial Consolidation and Expansion of Empire 297 Popular Revolts - Jats, Satnamis, Afghans and Sikhs 299 Breach with Marwar and Mewar 303 UNIT-XXV [Climax of the Mughal Empire, Marathas and the Deccan] Rise of the Marathas 312 Early Career of Shivaji 313 Treaty of Purandar - the Agra Visit 314 Shivaji's Swarajya - Administration and Achievements 317 Aurangzeb and the Deccani States (1658-87) 320 Marathas and the Decean (1687-1707) 325 Assessment of Aurangzeb 328 The Jagirdari Crisis 330 UNIT-XXVI [Society-Structure and Growth] Rural Society 333 Resident Cultivators: Riyayatis and Khud Kasht 333 Pahis or Outsiders 334 The Raiyatis 335 Village Community 336 Towns and Town Life 336 Artisans and Master-Craftsmen 338 Women 340 Servants and Slaves 341 Standard of Living 341 The Ruling Classes - Nobility, Rural Gentry 344 The Middle Strata 349 The Commercial Classes 349 UNIT-XXVII [Economic Life-Patterns and Prospects] Inland Trade 352 Foreign Trade 353 Role of the Foreign Trading Companies 354 Position of Indian Merchants 357 India’s over-land trade 360 The Mughal State and Commerce 362 Trend of India's Economy during the First Half of the 18th century 365 ~ vi ~ UNIT-XXVIII [Religion, Fine Arts, Science and Technology] Religion- Hindu Religion, Sikh Religion, Islam 370 Fine Arts - Architecture, Painting, Language and Literature, Music 373 Science and Technology 381 UNIT-XXIX [Chronology and Glossary] Chronology 385 Glossary of terms 386 ~ vii ~ HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL INDIA EDEN IAS UNIT-I THE