AFRICAN J O U R N A L AFRICAN VOLUME 12 ISSN 1531-4065 of DRUG and ALCOHOL STUDIES NUMBER 2 2013 VOLUME 6 N U M B E R 2 2 0 0 7 JOURNAL AFRICAN J O U R N A L Contents ofof Composition of surrogate alcohol from South-Eastern Nigeria. ..................... 65 Obiora S. Ejim, Bruna Brands, Ju¨rgen Rehm, & Dirk W. Lachenmeier OF DRUGDRUG DRUG Relationships of drinking behaviour, gender, and age with self-reported alcohol-related andand problems in Namibia............................................................... 75 Heli Mustonen AND ALCOHOLALCOHOL STUDIESSTUDIES Field tales of hazardous home brewed alcoholic beverages: the case of Selebi Phikwe, ALCOHOL Botswana....................................................................... 89 Joseph M. N. Pitso In this issue: A conversation with Alan Haworth ............................................. 104 STUDIES In this Issue List of published articles, 2000–2007........................................... 113 EFFECTIVENESS OF PICTORIAL WARNINGS ON CIGARETTE PACKETS IN EGYPT Announcements.............................................................. 118 SUBSTANCE USE AND SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIOURS IN LIBERIA In Memory of Olabisi Odejide................................................. 119 HOW EFFECTIVE IS THE “WAR ON DRUGS” IN NiGERIA? Acknowledgements ........................................................... 120 PREVALENCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF SUBSTANCE USE IN ETHIOPIA VOLUME ARE NEEDLE AND SYRINGE PROGRAMMES NEEDED IN AFRICA? 6 N U M B E R 2 2 0 0 7 ISSN 1531-4065 C R I S A P U B L I S H E D B Y Centre for Research and Information on Substance Abuse Job #113977 AFRICAN J O U R N A L AFRICAN of DRUG and ALCOHOL STUDIES VOLUME 6 NUMBER 2 2 0 0 7 VOLUME 6 N U M B E R 2 2 0 0 7 JOURNAL AFRICAN J O U R N A L Contents of Composition of surrogate alcohol from South-Eastern Nigeria. ..................... 65 Obiora S. Ejim, Bruna Brands, Ju¨rgen Rehm, & Dirk W. Lachenmeier OF DRUG DRUG Relationships of drinking behaviour, gender, and age with self-reported alcohol-related and problems in Namibia............................................................... 75 Heli Mustonen AND ALCOHOL STUDIES Field tales of hazardous home brewed alcoholic beverages: the case of Selebi Phikwe, ALCOHOL Botswana....................................................................... 89 Joseph M. N. Pitso In this issue: A conversation with Alan Haworth ............................................. 104 STUDIES Surrogate alcohol from Nigeria List of published articles, 2000–2007........................................... 113 Gender, age and drinking problems in Namibia Announcements.............................................................. 118 Hazardous home brewed alcohol in Botswana In Memory of Olabisi Odejide................................................. 119 A conversation with Alan Haworth Acknowledgements ........................................................... 120 VOLUME 6 N U M B E R 2 2 0 0 7 ISSN 1531-4065 C R I S A P U B L I S H E D B Y Centre for Research and Information on Substance Abuse Job #113977 AFRICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL STUDIES PURPOSE AND SCOPE The African Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies is an international scientific peer-reviewed journal published by the African Centre for Research and Information on Substance Abuse (CRISA). The Journal publishes original research, evaluation studies, case reports, review articles and book reviews of high scholarly standards. Papers submitted for publication may address any aspect of alcohol and drug use and dependence in Africa and among people of African descent living anywhere in the world. The term “drug” in the title of the journal refers to all psychoactive substances other than alcohol. These include tobacco, cannabis, inhalants, cocaine, heroin, prescription medicines, and traditional substances used in different parts of Africa (e.g., kola nuts and khat). EDITORIAL AND MANAGEMENT TEAM EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ASSOCIATE EDITORS Prof. Isidore Silas Obot Dr Neo Morojele Centre for Research and Information Medical Research Council on Substance Abuse (CRISA) Pretoria, South Africa E-mail: [email protected]; E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Dr Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye DEPUTY EDITORS Makerere University West Africa Kampala, Uganda Professor Hope Obianwu E-mail: [email protected] Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island, Nigeria Dr Andrew Zamani Psychiatric Hospital Southern & Central Africa Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria Professor Charles J. Parry E-mail: [email protected] Medical Research Council Cape Town, South Africa MANAGING EDITOR E-mail: [email protected] Akanidomo J. Ibanga, CRISA E-mail: [email protected] Eastern Africa Prof. David M. Ndetei EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS University of Nairobi Pam Cerff, Cape Town, South Africa Nairobi, Kenya Danjuma Ojei, Jos, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Francophone countries Dr Reychad Abdool, Nairobi, Kenya Prof. Baba Koumare Dr O.A. Ayo-Yusuf, Pretoria, South Africa Hopital Point G Prof. Moruf Adelekan, Blackburn, UK Bamako, Mali Dr Yahyah Affinih, New York, USA E-mail: [email protected] Prof. E. E. O. Alemika, Jos, Nigeria Dr Pascal Bovet, Seychelles Rest of the world Prof. Layi Erinosho, Abuja, Nigeria Prof. James T. Gire Prof. A.J. Flisher, Cape Town, South Africa Virginia Military Institute Dr Axel Klein, London, UK Lexington, VA, USA Prof. Hope Obianwu, Benin, Nigeria E-mail: [email protected] D. A. Pritchard, Swaziland AFRICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL STUDIES Volume 12, Number 2, 2013 CONTENTS Substance use and sexual risk behaviours amongst in-school youth and young adults living in Liberia ........................................................................ 75 Nicole Quiterio, Benjamin L. Harris, Christina P.C. Borba, & David C. Henderson Pictorial warnings on cigarette packets: Effectiveness and deterrence among Egyptian youth ................................................................................ 93 Nashaat H. Hussein Prevalence and consequences of substance use among high school and college students in Ethiopia: a review of the literature ........................................ 107 Worku Abebe The “war on drugs” in Nigeria: how effective and beneficial is it in dealing with the problem? .................................................................................. 119 Smart E. Otu Need for needle and syringe programmes in Africa .................................................... 137 Ssewanyana Derrick Abstracting/Indexing services: The journal is indexed/abstracted by the following services: Addiction Abstracts, African Journals Online (AJOL), DrugScope, Applied Social Sciences Index, Social Services Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, Scopus, Embasse, and PsycINFO. African Journal of Drug & Alcohol Studies, 12(2), 2013 Copyright © 2013, CRISA Publications SUBSTANCE USE AND SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIOURS AMONGST IN-SCHOOL YOUTH AND YOUNG ADULTS LIVING IN LIBERIA Nicole Quiterio1,2, Benjamin L. Harris3, Christina P.C. Borba1,4, & David C. Henderson1,4 ABSTRACT Little is known about the prevalence of and association of substance use and sexual risk behaviors among youth in Liberia. The present study was undertaken to examine the substance use behaviors and sexual practices of students in 16 secondary schools in greater and central Monrovia, Liberia. The sample consisted of 802 students in grades 7th to 12th who were enrolled in a co-educational school. Among substances reported, alcohol was the most commonly tried substance with almost 50% using it at some point in their life. 78% of respondents had engaged in sex with 13% reported having sex for monetary gain. Of those, more than 25% never or occasionally used a condom. Results indicated an association between alcohol and engaging in sex and an increase in the number of sexual partners. Future research should target both in-school and out-of-school students to develop school education and health services unique to this population. Keywords: post-conflict Liberia, substance use, sexual risk behaviors, in-school students INTRODUCTION have an HIV infection prevalence higher than 15% (WHO, 2008). Unfortunately, Africa has the highest prevalence of AIDS case reporting can be problematic HIV infection in the world. According since those affected must be seen in a to UNAIDS, the number of people liv- hospital or clinical setting and clinicians ing with HIV in Liberia is 35,000 with must recognize physical manifestations the prevalence rate of people from the of the disease, if laboratory testing is age of 15 to 49 years old estimated at unavailable. 1.7%. (WHO, 2008) This figure is simi- In 1847, the Republic of Liberia was cre- lar to rates in neighboring countries of ated as a haven for “free people of color,” Guinea (1.5%) and Ghana (2.2%) but descendants of Africans who were made substantially lower than in eastern and free due to luck, birth, or their own ef- southern Africa, where seven countries forts to establish freedom. Many Africans Corresponding author: Nicole Quiterio, M.D., Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5540. E-mail: [email protected] QUITERIO ET AL. came to Liberia seeking independence, rate, including formal or informal work, where they could live without pressures appears to be 96%, much of this work of slavery. Between 1989 and 2003, Libe- (79%) is vulnerable and inconsistent, of- ria experienced a brutal civil war, which ten generating very low wages (UNDP, devastated