630 US ISSN 0271-9916 August 1987 RESEARCH EXTENSION SERIES 078 HOST LIST OF PLANTS SUSCEPTIBLE TO TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS (TSWV) J. J. Cha, R. F. L. Mau, w. C. Mitchell, D. Gonsalves, and L. S. Yudin HITAHR COLLEGE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN RESOURCES UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII The Library of Congress has catalogued this serial publication as follows: Research extension series / Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agri­ culture and Human Resources.-[Honolulu, Hawaii]: The Institute, [1980- v. : ill. ; 22 cm. Irregular. Title from cover. Separately catalogued and classified in LC before and including no. 044. ISSN 0271-9916 = Research extension series - Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 1. Agriculture-Hawaii-Collected works. 2. Agricul­ ture-Research-Hawaii-Collected works. I. Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. II. Title: Research extension series - Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources S52.5.R47 630'.5-dc19 85-645281 AACR 2 MARC-S Library of Congress [8506] ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to thank M. Barut. H. Bridgman. J. Lee. S. Matsubara. and J. Palos for their able assistance. Investigations were supported in part by the USDA/CSRS Special Grants Program in Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture No. 58-9AHZ-O-546 and Grant 84-1 from the State of Hawaii Governor's Agricultural Coordinating Committee. THE AUTHORS J. J. Cho is an associate plant pathologist. University of Hawaii. Maui County Research. R. F. L. Mau is an associate specialist in entomology. University of Hawaii at Manoa. w. C. Mitchell is a retired entomologist, University of Hawaii at Manoa. D. Gonsalves is a plant pathologist. New York Agricultural Experiment Station. Cornell University. L. S. Yudin is a graduate research assistant in entomology. University ofHawaii at Manoa. CONTENTS Page Introduction..................................................................................................................... 3 Table 1. Hosts ofTomato Spotted Wilt Virus..................................................................................... 4 Literature Cited......................................................................................................................... 9 HOST LIST OF PLANTS SUSCEPTmLE TO TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS (TSWV) J. J. Cha, R. F. L. Mau, W. C. Mitchell, D. Gonsalves, and L. S. Yudin INTRODUCTION Spotted wilt of tomato was first described by Pukapu areas on the island of Hawaii, the Kula Brittlebank (1919) in Australia. Samuel et aI. area on Maui. and the Waianae area on Oahu. (1930) characterized the pathogenic agent as a This disease has been quite devastating in recent virus and named it tomato spotted wilt virus years. when losses of 50 to 90 percent have been (TSWV). Since then the disease has been reported observed in lettuce and tomato production, in several tropical and temperate regions and is particularly during the warm, dry summer considered worldwide in distribution. months. TSWV is unique because it is one of only two Development of feasible control procedures plant viruses known to be transmitted by thrips. has been difficult because TSWV has an Pittman (1927) was the first to establish that extensive plant host range. Best (1968) lists 157 TSWV could be transmitted by the onion thrips. dicotyledonous plant species in 29 families, and Six thrips species are known TSWV vectors: six monocotyledonous species in five families. 1) the western flower thrips. Frankliniella as hosts. Francki and Hatta (1981) added 11 occidentalis (Pergande) (Gardner et aI., 1935); additional host species. Several of these 2) the common blossom thrips. susceptible hosts are commonly found growing Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) (Samuel et aI., along field borders and among crops of Hawaii's 1930); major vegetable-growing regions. 3) the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman; TSWV-infected plant hosts in 4) the tobacco thrips, Frankliniella Jusca vegetable-growing regions play an important (Hinds) (Sakimura. 1963); role in the epidemiology of the disease. 5) Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Amin et aI.. Forty-four plant species representing 16 plant 1981); and families have been found to be naturally 6) Thrips setosus Moulton (Kobatake. 1984). infected with TSWV. Twenty-six plant species Only the first three species are known to are conSidered important reservoirs of TSWV occur in Hawaii. Of these, the western flower (see Table 1). These plant sources perpetuate thrips is the most common vector (Yudin et aI.. TSWV. are important habitats for thrips vectors. 1986. 1987). TSWV can be acquired from and serve as foci for subsequent movement and diseased plants only by larval thrips; after a infection of susceptible crop plants. Ipomoea latent period of three to 12 days it can be congesta (blue morning glory) and Tropaeolum transmitted by both larval and adult stages. majus (nasturtium) are present throughout the TSWV produces a variety of disease year on the islands of Hawaii and Maui. On symptoms including a range of chlorotic. Oahu, Amaranthus spinosus (spiny amaranth) necrotic. stunting. and enation symptoms in all is commonly found. A high percentage of those parts of the plant (Ie, 1970). TSWV symptoms on plants found on farmland harbor the virus and lettuce generally start as necrotic brown leaf were associated with abundant vector thrips. spots on one side of the plant. becoming Elimination of these and other important TSWV systemic and extending to the heart leaves. This reservoirs should be helpful in reducing disease results in a cessation of development, causing losses. the plant to twist to one side. The outer leaves Several additional new plant hosts have wilt and eventually the whole head collapses. On been identified since 1981. and this paper tomatoes. symptoms are characterized by initial presents an up-to-date listing of chlorosis of leaves and terminal shoots. TSWV-susceptible plant species. Several developing into bronZing and necrosis. references listed in the table cite original Symptoms on mature fruits are blotchiness of articles demonstrating TSWV susceptibility of color and rugosity of the fruit surface. plant species or host lists of TSWV-susceptible In Hawaii. TSWV has seriously affected plants. production of lettuce, tomato, and bell pepper in the major vegetable-production areas of the state. These areas include the Lalamilo and 3 TABLE 1. HOSTS OF TOMATO SPOTTED WILT vm.US Scientific name Common name Reference Acanthospermum hisipidium DC. Greber and McCarthy, 1977 Ageratum houstonianum Mill. ageratum Gumpf and Weathers, 1972 Amaranthus caudatus L. Best. 1968 Amaranthus graecizans L. Best, 1968 Amaranthus hybridus L.. green amaranth Cho et al.. 1986 Amaranthus retroflexus L. redroot pigweed Milbrath, 1939 Amaranthus spinosus L.. spiny amaranth Cho et al.. 1986 Amaranthus viridis L.. slender amaranth Cho et al., 1984. 1986 Amaryllis sp. Barbados lily Gardner et a1., 1935 Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. pineapple Linford, 1932 Anemone sp. anemone Smith, 1957 . Antirrhinum sp. snapdragon Smith, 1957 Apium graveolens L.· celery. celeriac Best. 1968 Aquilegia vulgaris L. common columbine Smith, 1957 Arachis hypogaea L. peanut Costa. 1941 Arctium lappa L.• burdock Cho et al., 1986 Arum palaestinum Boiss calla Tompkins and Severin, 1950 Aster sp. aster Smith, 1957 Atropa belladonna L. deadly nightshade Smith. 1932 Begonia x hiemalis Fotsch begonia Barnes and Halliwell, 1985 Begonia semperflorens Link & Otto begonia Gardner et a1., 1935 Begonia sp. begOnia Best. 1968 Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. blackberry lily Yamamoto and Ohata. 1977 Bidens pilosa L.· Spanish needle Greber and McCarthy, 1977 Bidens pilosa var. minor (B1.) Sherf· Spanish needle Cho et al., 1984. 1986 Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis L. white stem cabbage Cho et al., 1986 Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. cauliflower Gardner et a1., 1935 Browallia americana L. browallia Gardner et a1., 1935 Browallia speciosa Hook. Smith, 1957 Calceolaria sp. slipperwort Smith, 1957 Calendula officinalis L. calendula Best. 1968 Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees China aster Best, 1968 Campanula americana L. bellflower Gardner et a1., 1935 Campanula pyramidalis L. chimney bellflower Smith, 1957 Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.· shepherd's purse Best. 1968 Capsicum annuum L. bell pepper Sakimura, 1940 Capsicum frutescens L. red pepper Smith, 1932 Capsicum sp. pepper Best. 1968 Carica papaya L. papaya Cook, 1972 Cheiranthus sp. wall flower Smith, 1957 Chenopodium album L. lambs quarters Paliwal, 1974 Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Mexican tea Cho et al.. 1986 Chenopodium murale L. nettleleaf goosefoot Cho et al., 1986 Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Paliwal, 1974 Chondrilla sp. Best. 1968 Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ram.) Hems!. chrysanthemum Gardner and Whipple, 1934 Chrysanthemum sp. chrysanthemum Smith. 1957 Cichorium endivia L. endive Sakimura, 1940 4 Cichorium intybus L. chicory Sakimura. 1940 Cineraria cruenta Mass. Jones. 1944 Cirsium lanceolatum Hill bullthistle Best, 1968 Convolvulus arvensis L. bindweed Sherf. 1948 Convolvulus sp. morning glory Best, 1968 Cordyline terrninalis (L.) Kunth. ti, ki Cho et al.. 1986 Coreopsis drummondii Torr. & Gray tick seed Smith. 1957 Coriandrum sativum L. coriander Best, 1968 Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith swinecress Cho et al.. 1986 Cosmos bipinnatus Cay. cosmos Smith, 1957 Crepis capillaris Wallr. Beitr. hawksbeard Best. 1968 Crepis divaricata F. Schultz Best, 1968 Crepis pulchra L. Best, 1968 Crepis pumila Best, 1968 Crepis rhoeadifolia Bieb. Best, 1968 Crotalaria incana