وضعیت محیط زیست افغانستان فشارها، پیشرفت ها، چالشها و خﻻها The Environment of Afghanistan ( 2010 - 2017) Pressures, Progress, Challenges/Gaps Ghulam Mohammad Malikyar Dec. 2017 غﻻم محمد ملکیار حوت 1396 1 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................. 6 AFGHANISTAN'S MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS .................................................................................... 10 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 10 2. Physiography ................................................................................................................................................ 11 3. Population and Population growth ............................................................................................................... 12 4. General Education and Environmental Education ....................................................................................... 12 5. Socio-economic Process and Environment ................................................................................................... 13 6. Health and Sanitation ................................................................................................................................... 14 .[3] ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEMPLATIONS ........................................................................ 16 PART 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 19 URBAN ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................................ 19 1.1. AIR POLLUTION ............................................................................................................................................. 19 1.2. Air Pollution and Its Impact on Human Health and Environment ........................................................... 21 1.3 EMISSION OF POLLUTANTS BY SECTOR ............................................................................................................... 23 IMPACTS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 24 1.1 Health Impacts .............................................................................................................................................. 24 1.2 Impacts on Vegetation covers ....................................................................................................................... 25 1.3 Impacts on Visibility ...................................................................................................................................... 26 3. INDIRECT ACTIVITIES THAT COVERS THE PROGRESS ........................................................................................... 27 4. GAPS ................................................................................................................................................................... 27 5. RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 29 5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 29 5.2. Specific ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 5.3. Legislation ................................................................................................................................................ 30 5.4. Policies ..................................................................................................................................................... 30 5.5. Policy response: activities to be implemented to mitigate air pollution ................................................... 31 6. Afghanistan and international Environmental Multilateral conventions ...................................................... 31 7. Chemicals and the Impacts on Environment ................................................................................................. 32 PART 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 35 NATURAL HERITAGE PROTECTION .................................................................................................................... 35 1. WETLAND AND LAKE ECOSYSTEMS .......................................................................................................... 35 1.1. BAND-E-AMIR NATIONAL PARK (GAZETTED 2013) ....................................................................................... 37 Gaps ........................................................................................................................................................................ 39 1.2. KOL-E-HASHMAT KHAN WATERFOWLS RESERVE (DECLARED/JUNE 2017) ............................ 39 1.3. DASHT-E-NAWAR WILDLIFE SANCTUARY (NO PROGRESS) .......................................................... 41 Gaps ........................................................................................................................................................................ 42 1.4. AYE KHANUM, DARQAD NATURAL AND CULTURAL SITE (IDENTIFIED) .................................... 42 1.5. WEGHNON LAKE AND LANDSCAPE SITE (IDENTIFIED) ................................................................... 43 1.6. ABE ESTADA AND HAMOONS (NO ACHIEVEMENT) ........................................................................................ 45 Gaps ........................................................................................................................................................................ 46 4.7. HAMUNS (NO ACHIEVEMENT) ........................................................................................................................ 46 4.8. SALANG MOUNTAINS SNOW MELT WATER BODY (IDENTIFIED 2015-16) ...................................................... 46 2. THREATS /PRESSURES ......................................................................................................................................... 47 3. Impacts .......................................................................................................................................................... 47 4. GENERAL GAPS AND CHALLENGES OF WETLANDS ............................................................................................. 48 5. PROGRESS ........................................................................................................................................................... 48 6. RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................................................................................ 48 2 2. NATIONAL PARKS AND PROTECTED AREAS .......................................................................................... 48 1. STATE OF PROTECTED AREAS .............................................................................................................................. 49 2. WAKHAN NATIONAL PARK (DECLARED 2014) ................................................................................................... 50 Progress .................................................................................................................................................................. 51 4. SHAH FOOLADI LANDSCAPE (DECLARED) ........................................................................................................... 52 List of Protected and Proposed Protected Areas and National Parks .................................................................... 54 5. TRADITIONAL VALUES TO PROTECT THE AREAS ................................................................................................ 55 Traditional Knowledge of protected areas and wildlife Conservation ................................................................... 55 4.1 Knowledge of Wildlife protection .................................................................................................................. 56 6. FLORA OF AFGHANISTAN .................................................................................................................................... 56 7. FAUNA OF AFGHANISTAN ................................................................................................................................... 57 9. CAPTIVE BREEDING OF WILDLIFE SPECIES ......................................................................................................... 58 10. NATIONAL PROTECTED AREA SYSTEM PLAN (NPASP) ...................................................................................... 58 11. PROTECTED AREAS NETWORK ..........................................................................................................................