Postpartum Family Planning Annotated Bibliography 2008–2014 The Maternal and Child Survival Program (MCSP), is a global U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) cooperative agreement to introduce and support high-impact health interventions in 24 priority countries with the ultimate goal of ending preventable child and maternal deaths (EPCMD) within a generation. MCSP supports programming in in maternal, newborn and child health, immunization, family planning and reproductive health, nutrition, health systems strengthening, water/sanitation/hygiene, malaria, prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and pediatric HIV care and treatment. MCSP will tackle these issues through approaches that also focus on health systems strengthening, household and community mobilization, gender integration and eHealth, among others. Visit www.mcsprogram.org to learn more. This annotated bibliography was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), under the terms of the Leader with Associates Cooperative Agreement GHS-A-00-08-00002-00 and Cooperative Agreement AID-OAA-A-14-00028. The contents are the responsibility of The Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program (MCHIP) and The Maternal and Child Survival Program (MCSP), and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. INTRODUCTION Beginning in 2006, the ACCESS-FP program compiled an annotated bibliography of postpartum family planning literature to promote documented best practices and serve as a reference for both researchers and program managers. Updates to the original bibliography were made under ACCESS- FP in 2007, 2008, and 2010, and then again under the Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program, Family Planning team in 2011 and, finally, 2014. All of these updates have been compiled into one cohesive annotated bibliography. The literature has been reorganized for this edition, and a new category for prenatal and newborn health has been added. Unless otherwise noted, the source of article annotations is each article’s abstract. The literature categories are described in the following table. Categories # of Studies Pages 1. Birth Spacing 30 1–13 2. Community- and Facility-Inclusive Intervention Studies 31 14–27 3. Descriptive Studies 42 28–48 4. Family Planning Integration 7 49–53 5. HIV and Family Planning: Prevention of Mother-to-Child 36 54–73 Transmission 6. LAM [Lactational Amenorrhea Method] and Breastfeeding with 46 74–96 Contraception 7. Postpartum Family Planning in Special Populations 15 97–104 8. Postpartum IUD and Permanent Contraception 22 105–116 9. Prenatal and Newborn Health 17 117–125 10. Progestin-Only Contraception 8 126–130 11. Program Approach and Other Postpartum Contraception 20 131–140 12. Return to Fertility 5 141–143 Postpartum Family Planning Annotated Bibliography 2008–2013 iii METHODOLOGY This version focused primarily on journal articles published in 2010 or later with an emphasis on studies that were undertaken in developing countries. The literature review began with a search on Medline (2010–March 2014) using the following keywords: family planning services, family planning policy, contraception, birth intervals, prenatal care, postnatal care, postpartum period, maternal-child health, immunizations, and breastfeeding. This search was then repeated on CINAHL (a database for nursing and allied health) and EMBASE (a database of biomedical and pharmacological literature). Next, the reference lists of the selected articles were examined for appropriate articles that had not been captured with previous searches or by the 2011 version. iv Postpartum Family Planning Annotated Bibliography 2008–2013 1. BIRTH SPACING Abdel-Tawab, N., Youssef, H., Loza, S., Zaki, A., & Farag, S. (2006). Helping Egyptian women achieve optimal birth spacing intervals through maximizing opportunities in antenatal and postpartum care (FRONTIERS Research Update No. 9). Cairo, Egypt: Population Council & USAID. Requests for this publication can be sent to http://www.popcouncil.org/contact. Optimal birth spacing intervals (OBSI) of 3-5 years (as opposed to traditional recommendations of 2 years) are beneficial to mothers and their children (Abdel-Tawab, Youssef, Loza, Zaki, & Farag, 2006, p. 1). To explore OBSI intervention strategies in Egypt, FRONTIERS studied two models: “The first model involves provision of OBSI messages through health services to women during prenatal and postpartum periods while the second model involves the above plus an awareness raising IEC component that targets husbands and community influentials” (Abdel-Tawab, et al., 2006, p. 2). This article describes the research rationales, study design (focus groups) that led to the interventions of the models, and preliminary results, while results and analysis are pending another article in 2008 (Abdel-Tawab et al., 2006). Adam, I., Ismail, M. H., Nasr, A. M., Prins, M. H., & Smits, L. J. (2009). Low birth weight, preterm birth and short interpregnancy interval in Sudan. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 22(11), 1068–1071. Objective: To investigate whether short interpregnancy interval (IPI) is associated with increased risk of low birth weight and preterm labour. Methods: The study was conducted in the labour ward of Khartoum hospital in Sudan during November 2007 through February 2008. Odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for the confounding factors using multiple logistic regression models. Results: Compared with IPI of 18-30 months, those women with intervals shorter than 18 months had an increased risk of low birth weight (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.0-3.5, P = 0.04) and preterm labour (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.1-4.7, P = 0.01). Conclusion: In this study, IPI shorter than 18 months are independently associated with increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Akter, S., Rahman, J. A., Rahman, M. M., & Abedin, S. (2010). The influence of birth spacing on child survival in Bangladesh: A life table approach. World Health & Population, 12(1), 42–56. In this paper we have attempted to demonstrate the relationship between birth spacing and child survival in Bangladesh using data from the 2004 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS). We used standard life table techniques to estimate the probability of child survival and appropriate spacing of births. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the covariates, along with the birth interval that has significant influence on child survival. Study results showed that the probability of child survival was much lower when the preceding birth interval was less than 12 months, and it may be also impeded by a higher birth interval. Child survival probability was highest for a preceding birth interval of 5 years; thereafter, the probability declined. Results of the logistic regression model clearly showed that preceding birth interval was an important and strongly significant factor in explaining infant and child mortality. While education, current age, Postpartum Family Planning Annotated Bibliography 2008–2013 1 breastfeeding status and birth order were substantial and highly significant factors both in infant and child mortality, socio-economic factors such as occupation and socio-economic status showed a significant effect only on child mortality. Postponing another child (for a birth interval of 5 years and above) and proper spacing of births would have a noticeable effect in reducing the level of mortality. Cecatti, J. G., Correa-Silva, E. P., Milanez, H., Morais, S. S., & Souza, J. P. (2008). The associations between inter-pregnancy interval and maternal and neonatal outcomes in Brazil. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 12(2), 275–281. Objectives: Global estimates of maternal and perinatal mortality have remained unchanged over the past 20 years, and strategies are being sought to decrease the occurrence of maternal and perinatal death. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between inter-pregnancy interval and the occurrence of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Methods: Design and setting: Cross-sectional study of the obstetrical and perinatal records in an intra-hospital obstetrics database between 1986 and 2000 at a tertiary maternity hospital in Brazil. Participants: A total of 14,930 records of parous women who delivered singleton infants. Main outcome measures: Crude and adjusted odds ratio estimates of gestational outcome according to inter-pregnancy intervals. Results: During the period of the study, 34.6% of records referred to women with an inter- pregnancy interval <18 months. After the adjustment performed for 11 confounding factors and assuming an inter-pregnancy interval of 18-23 months as reference, short intervals (<6 months) were observed to be associated with a greater risk of low birth weight (odds ratio: 1.74; 95% confidence interval: 1.18-2.55), and preterm birth (1.56; 1.01-2.46). On the other hand, long intervals were significantly associated with fewer C-sections (0.69; 0.56-0.82), and a greater risk of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (1.57; 1.20-2.06) and low birth weight (1.46; 1.03-2.06). Conclusions: Short inter-pregnancy intervals are associated with a higher risk of low birth weight and preterm birth, while long intervals are associated with a higher risk of PROM, low birth weight and a lower risk of C-section. Conde-Agudelo, A., Rosas-Bermudez, A., Castaño, F., & Norton, M. H. (2012). Effects of birth spacing on maternal, perinatal, infant, and child