Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship 2009 Emperor Norton I: the rise of a San Francisco cultural icon 1859-1880 Dieter Martin Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Archival Science Commons Recommended Citation Martin, Dieter, "Emperor Norton I: the rise of a San Francisco cultural icon 1859-1880" (2009). WWU Graduate School Collection. 21. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/21 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Emperor Norton I: The Rise of a San Francisco Cultural Icon 1859 – 1880 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Western Washington University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of the Degree Master of Arts By Dieter Martin May 2009 Thesis Abstract The California Gold Rush had a profound effect on the emerging city of San Francisco. Extreme highs and lows in the economic environment created an atmosphere in which the city’s citizens were used to hardship and adversity. These conditions, combined with the importance of the newspaper industry explain the emergence of an eccentric individual such as Emperor Norton. Although he began his career in San Francisco as a prominent businessman, it is his later life as the self declared Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico which is most remembered today. Joshua Norton’s career as Emperor mirrored that of San Francisco itself. His proclamations are remarkably insightful and forward thinking for his time and provide a picture of the city in the 1860s and 1870s. However, by the twentieth century, Norton came to be seen as a symbol of San Francisco and the tolerance the city was seen as expressing towards others. The enduring nature of Emperor Norton in San Francisco’s memory is a testament to his popularity, both during his life and the subsequent creation of his symbolic persona. iv Acknowledgements In undertaking a project of this scope and magnitude it is common to be in debt to many individuals and groups for their support and encouragement. This case was no exception. My advisor Professor Kevin Leonard was especially helpful and patient in the giving of his advice and time. The other two members of my committee, Professors Rand Jimerson and Roger Thompson were also invaluable to the process. Any successes in my work can be attributable to them, while any errors or omissions are my own. Many academic and research institutions assisted me in my research. Without their help this thesis would almost certainly not have been possible. The California State Library History Room provided a great deal of their time in locating biographical information on Emperor Norton, as well as access to their extensive collection of California newspapers on microfilm. Several other institutions also assisted in my research, such as the Society of California Pioneers, the California State Archives, the California Historical Society and the University of Washington. My thanks go out to you. Last but not least, the understanding and support of my parents, family and friends in this process cannot go unmentioned. They were at all times empathetic and forgiving of the many demands on my time in all stages of the creation of this thesis. My debts to you are too many to mention. Thank you. v Table of Contents Thesis Abstract: iv Acknowledgements: v Introduction: 1 Chapter 1: Emperor Norton’s Proclamations 27 Chapter 2: Emperor Norton’s Later Years and Funeral 60 Chapter 3: Emperor Norton’s Influence on Popular Culture 88 Conclusion: 109 Bibliography: 115 vi Introduction Emperor Norton was a famous and popular San Francisco eccentric. During his lifetime he was mentioned in works by well-known writers such as Robert Louis Stevenson and Mark Twain. Although the public’s attention to Norton has fluctuated since his death he continues to be known in the Bay area even today. Joshua Abraham Norton proclaimed himself Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico in 1859. Born in London in 1819, Norton spent much of his early life in South Africa. After receiving a bequest of $40,000 from his father’s estate, he traveled to San Francisco in 1849. He was initially quite successful in business but lost his fortune attempting to corner the local rice market.1 Since then depictions of Emperor Norton have been unusual in their frequency and popularity for one who might have lived a relatively unrecorded life. On September 1, 1856, the Sacramento Daily Union reported that Joshua Norton’s debts were over $55,000, while his assets equaled only about $15,000.2 Norton, a prominent businessman of San Francisco, had become bankrupt as a result of his speculations in the rice market. This brief mention of his financial difficulties represented the beginning of his appearances in the newspapers of California. Emperor Norton and his depictions in the various forms of media may at first seem to be an unusual topic for study. In the almost 130 years since Emperor Norton’s death, he has continued to be an enduring symbol of San Francisco’s reputation of tolerance and benevolence. Also, evidence exists that the San Francisco newspapers not 1 William Drury, Norton I, Emperor of the United States (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1986), 7. 2 Sacramento Daily Union, September 1, 1856, 2. only created Norton’s popularity, but continued to capitalize on it in an effort to increase their readership. Instead of existing on the margins of popular culture and society, Emperor Norton quickly became part of the mainstream. Rather than challenge social mores, Norton actually served to reinforce the limits of acceptable behavior. Through his eccentric behavior he helped to define the boundaries of what the public would permit. The research process for this thesis was an informative one. Due to the famous San Francisco earthquake and fire of 1906, a large number of primary sources and artifacts were destroyed or lost. However, many newspapers of the period, such as the Alta California, San Francisco Bulletin, San Francisco Chronicle, and many others provided a wealth of information on Emperor Norton’s proclamations and daily habits. They have been used extensively in the creation of this thesis. The California State Library and the California Society of Pioneers deserve special thanks for their help in researching this extraordinary individual. The State Library maintains one of the largest collections of newspapers on microfilm in the state and proved invaluable to conducting research on Emperor Norton. The Society of Pioneers archives were likewise useful, as they provided considerable biographical information on the subject. Biographies of Emperor Norton are surprisingly few, given the long and vibrant interest of the public in his past. Only two major works have been written on the subject. Allen Stanley Lane’s Emperor Norton: The Mad Monarch of North America and William Drury’s Norton I, Emperor of the United States are the only two substantial works on the subject. Little information is available on Lane, beyond the fact that he wrote his work in 1939 for a relatively minor publishing house. For many years Lane’s book remained the 2 only major biography of Emperor Norton. William Drury, a columnist for the San Francisco News Call Bulletin, became interested in Norton while working for that paper. At first glance, Drury’s background as a newspaper correspondent served him well in his analysis of the papers to which Norton submitted proclamations. However, while Drury used these many newspaper sources, he did not provide footnotes for his work. This is perhaps because his book was written for a popular audience and was not intended as a scholarly work. While both Lane and Drury recounted many of the popular accounts of Norton’s life and noted that many of them are of dubious authenticity, they did not attempt to explain the reasons why the more sensational accounts of Norton’s life endured while others did not. Also, there was little detailed analysis of the differences found in the various media accounts of Norton. They both seemed to be more concerned with creating an account of Norton’s life that appealed to a wide public audience rather than conducting a detailed analysis of the historical sources. Beyond the biographical works by these two authors, Norton has appeared in a variety of scholarly, historical and popular periodicals over the years. These are useful in determining how his persona has changed in the public’s eye. Also, some of these articles contain studies on aspects of his life, such as the extent to which Emperor Norton lived on public assistance. I have endeavored to answer several questions over the course of this thesis. First, the thesis will attempt to determine the reasons for Emperor Norton’s acceptance by the newspapers and the public. Secondly, it will explore how depictions of him in newspapers and periodicals reflect larger trends in San Francisco’s history. Finally, the 3 thesis will ask how others interpreted Norton’s proclamations and how and why perceptions of him changed over time. All of these questions serve to produce a more complete picture of Emperor Norton and how he affected San Francisco history. The chapters of my thesis are organized chronologically. The first chapter provides an analysis of Emperor Norton’s many proclamations and how they were presented in newspapers. This serves to show not only what editors and writers of these publications thought of Norton but also how the public felt about him.