USAID/Passerelles Rapid Education Risk Analysis (RERA) Report Agreement Number: 72068518CA00007 Agreement Period: July 23, 2018 to July 22, 2023 Yves B. Kore, Agreement Officer Sala Ba, Agreement Officer Representative January 21, 2019 Submitted by: FHI360 Equal Access to Education in Southern Senegal (also known as USAID/Passerelles) Abdoulaye Mballo, Acting Chief of Party 1875 Connecticut Ave. Washington DC, 20009 Tel: 202-884-8817 Email: [email protected] This document was produced for review and approval by the United States Agency for International Development/Senegal (USAID/Senegal). Contents Acronyms............................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................................... 6 Key Findings and Recommendations ........................................................................................................................ 6 Project Background ......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Rapid Education Risk Analysis Overview ................................................................................................................... 10 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Target Population ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 Sample Design .............................................................................................................................................................. 12 Instrument Design ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 Data Collection Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 13 Data Collection Team ................................................................................................................................................ 14 Enumerator Schedule and Scope of Work ....................................................................................................... 14 Oral Informed Consent for Participants ............................................................................................................... 14 Analysis .......................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Summary of RERA Participants .................................................................................................................................... 16 Limitations ......................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Southern Senegal Conflict Context ............................................................................................................................. 18 Conflict Drivers ........................................................................................................................................................... 19 Regional Isolation and Poor Social Service Delivery ...................................................................................... 19 Limited Livelihoods Opportunities ..................................................................................................................... 19 Land Allocation ....................................................................................................................................................... 20 Disaffected Youth ................................................................................................................................................... 20 Ethnic Tension at the Border of the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Senegal............................................... 20 Conflict Mitigating Factors ........................................................................................................................................ 21 Economic Factors ................................................................................................................................................... 21 Social Factors ........................................................................................................................................................... 21 Political Factors ....................................................................................................................................................... 21 Regionally-Specific Conflict Risks ............................................................................................................................ 21 Ziguinchor ................................................................................................................................................................ 21 Sédhiou ...................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Kolda.......................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Kédougou ................................................................................................................................................................. 22 Education in Senegal ................................................................................................................................................... 22 Formal System: Public Schools, Franco-Arabic Schools, and Decentralization of Social Service Delivery ..................................................................................................................................................................... 22 2 Informal System: Koranic Schools ...................................................................................................................... 23 Barriers to Access to Education .............................................................................................................................. 23 Religious and Cultural Beliefs .............................................................................................................................. 24 Poverty ...................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Early Marriage and Pregnancy .............................................................................................................................. 25 Effects of Conflict on Education .............................................................................................................................. 25 How Education Might Contribute to or Mitigate Conflict ................................................................................ 25 Primary Research Findings ............................................................................................................................................. 26 Perceptions of Education........................................................................................................................................... 26 Cross-Cutting Risks .................................................................................................................................................... 28 Poverty and Symptoms of Poverty ..................................................................................................................... 28 Limited Opportunities to Learn .......................................................................................................................... 29 Risk of Drop Out due to Low Student Performance .................................................................................... 31 Children with Disabilities ...................................................................................................................................... 31 Internal Risks ................................................................................................................................................................ 31 Infrastructure ........................................................................................................................................................... 31 School Climate ........................................................................................................................................................ 32 Bullying ...................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Corporal Punishment ............................................................................................................................................ 34 School-Related Gender-Based Violence ..........................................................................................................