traces The UNC-Chapel Hill Journal of History volume 3 spring 2014 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Published in the United States of America by the UNC-Chapel Hill History Department traces Hamilton Hall, CB #3195 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3195 (919) 962-2115 [email protected] Copyright 2014 by UNC-Chapel Hill All rights reserved. Except in those cases that comply with the fair use guidelines of US copyright law (U.S.C. Title 17), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the publisher. Design by Brandon Whitesell. Printed in the United States of America by Chamblee Graphics, Raleigh, North Carolina. Traces is produced by undergraduate and graduate students at UNC-Chapel Hill in order to showcase students’ historical research. Traces: The UNC-Chapel Hill Journal of History is affiliated with the Delta Pi chapter (UNC-Chapel Hill) of Phi Alpha Theta, the National History Honor Society. Unfortunately there is no Past, available for distillation, capture, manipulation, observation and description. There have been, and there are, events in complex and innumerable combinations, and no magic formula “will ever give us masterytraces over them . There are, instead, some rather humdrum operations to be performed. We suspect or surmise that an event, a set of events has taken place: where can we find the traces they must have left behind them? Or we have come across some traces: what are they worth, as traces, and to what events do they point? Later on we shall find out which events we can, from our own knowledge of their traces, safely believe to have taken place. It remains a fact, nevertheless, that the whole historical world uses the word ‘sources,’ and will continue to do so. By refusing to follow its example we shall at any rate draw attention to the fact that history is not a deductive science, but an activity and a craft.” — G.J. Renier, History: Its Purpose and Method staff Mark W. Hornburg Executive & Executive Editor traces Founding Editors Maggie Howell Editor-in-Chief Eric Medlin Director of Finance Dr. Miles Fletcher Chief Faculty Professor, Department of History, UNC-Chapel Hill Advisor Augusta Dell’Omo Senior Editors Peter Vogel Burt Westermeier Joel Hebert Graduate Editors Scott Krause Jeanine Navarrete iv Editorial Board Turner Albernaz tracesEmily Cathey Chiraayu Gosrani Grace Tatter Martha Upton Faculty Advisors Dr. Marcus Bull Dr. Karen Hagemann Dr. Jerma Jackson Dr. Wayne E. Lee Dr. James L. Leloudis Dr. Donald J. Raleigh Dr. Eren Tasar Dr. Zaragosa Vargas Dr. Gerhard Weinberg v sponsors Delta Pi Chapter (UNC-CH), Phi Alpha Theta, traces National History Honor Society Department of History, UNC-Chapel Hill UNC-Chapel Hill Parents Council UNC-Chapel Hill Student Government vi donors Each year, this publication is only made possible with the help of private support. Through the generosity of our alumni and friends, undergraduate students have the educational opportunity to write and edit for an award-winning publication. If you’d like to support the History Department through Traces, please consider making a gift at http://giving.unc.edu/gift. Please be sure to search for “Traces Journal” to designate your gift. If you would like to mail your donation, please send all checks made payable to the “Arts and Sciences Foundation” at the address below. Attention: Ronda J. Manuel Associate Director of Development The Arts and Sciences Foundation traces134 E. Franklin Street Chapel Hill, NC 27514 In addition to the organizations mentioned in the Acknowledgements, the staff would like to thank the following private donors for supporting this volume of Traces: Dr. Kathleen DuVal and Mr. Martin Smith Dr. Shawna Lemon Dr. Donald Raleigh Mr. Alan Resley Mr. and Mrs. Vann Vogel vii acknowledgments The editorial staff is indebted to the students, faculty, staff, and friends who have supported the journal through its third year of publication. We especially traces would like to thank Dr. Miles Fletcher for serving as adviser to the journal for the last three years, Adam Kent for his administrative support, and Brandon Whitesell for his layout and design. Without the UNC-Chapel Hill Parents Council, which has provided grants from the founding of the journal, Traces never would have seen the light of day. We are also grateful to the UNC-CH Student Congress for the funding it has provided for this volume. viii awards First Prize in the Gerald D. Nash History Journal Award competition, sponsored by the Phi Alpha Theta National tracesHistory Honor Society, 2013. Gerhard L. Weinberg Prize for Best Article in European History, Philip Schwartz, for “Soviet International Cultural Politics in the Late 1960s and the Struggle for the Release of Andreĭ Rublev,” 2014. William L. Barney Prize for Best Article in Southern History, for “Nothing without a Demand: Black Power and Student Activism on North Carolina College Campuses, 1967-1973,” 2014. ix table of contents xiv Note from the Editors xvi Donors xx Abstracts Roundtable 1 North Carolina Politics Articles ## “Our Problems are Legion.”: The Popular Response to Civil Rights Reform in North Carolina after Brown v.traces Board of Education, 1954-1957 | G. Lawson Kuehnert ## The Struggle for Racial Equality in Chapel Hill-Carrboro City Schools. | Grace Tatter ## Nothing Without a Demand: Black Power and Student Activism on North Carolina College Campuses, 1967-1973 | Michael Welker ## Paternalism and the First Red Scare: The Failure of Early Twentieth-Century Southern Unionism | Andrew L. Craig ## Soviet Cultural Politics in the 1960s and the Struggle for the Release of Andreĭ Rublev | Philip Schwartz ## Perceptions of British History and Welsh Identity in the Twelfth Century | Kelsey Blake x ## Kingship in Miniature: Richard I and the Third Crusade | Anderson Phillips Essay ## Postcard from L’viv | Trevor Erlacher Living History ## Mark Kleinschmidt | Mark W. Hornburg ## Rosanell Eaton | Maggie Howell ## Dr. Anne Queen | Xxxxx Xxxxxxxx ## Isabella Cannon | Xxxxx Xxxxxxxx Book Reviews traces ## Conservative Bias: How Jesse Helms Pioneered the Rise of Right-Wing Media and Realigned the Republican Party Reviewed by Jennifer Donnally ## Evening’s Empire: A History of the Night in Early Modern Europe | Reviewed by Brian Drohan ## Klansville, U.S.A.: The Rise and Fall of the Civil Rights-Era Ku Klux Klan | Reviewed by Evan Faulkenbury ## Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin | Reviewed by Gary Guadagnolo ## Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 1908-1919 | Reviewed by Stephen Riegg xi ## We Have the War Upon Us: The Onset of the Civil War, November 1860–April 1861 and And the War Came: The North and the Secession Crisis, 1860-1861 | Reviewed by Robert S. Richard ## Before Porn was Legal: The Erotica Empire of Beate Uhse | Reviewed by Alex Ruble ## Aiding Afghanistan: A History of Soviet Assistance to a Developing Country | Reviewed by Austin Yost Film Reviews ## Unsere Mütter, unsere Väter | Reviewed by Peter Gengler ## Barbara | Reviewed by Christian Petzold ## A Film Unfinished | Reviewed by Mark W. Hornburg Exhibition Reviews traces ## Out of the Shadows: Undocumented and Unafraid (Salir de las Sombras: Sin Papeles y Sin Miedo); Faces of Freedom Summer: The Photographs of Herbert Randall, Levine Museum of the New South, Charlotte, NC. | Reviewed by Sarah McNamara ## Site-mémorial du Camp des Milles / Memorial site of the Camp des Milles, Les Milles, France | Reviewed by Maggie Howell ## The American Way: Die USA in Deutschland, Haus der Geschichte, Bonn, Germany | Reviewed by Scott Krause xii traces xiii note from the editors The theme for this volume of Traces, “North Carolina Politics,” takes its cue from recent political developments in the state that have made North Carolina a focus of national media attention, including the historic takeover of the levers of government by the Republican Party and the “Moral Monday” protests that erupted in response. The editors felt that this was the perfect time to explore the historical background to these developments. To this end, in the Roundtable discussion that begins this volume, five historians who have researched the history of North Carolina provide some historical context to the present. In the next section, scholarly articles discuss the history of school desegregation in North Carolina and the failure of unionism in the state. Our new “Living History” section includes oral histories and interviews with North Carolina’s first female mayor, Isabella Cannon, with labor activist Anne Queen, and with voting rights activist Rosanell Eaton. Finally, the review section includes reviews of a new book on the rise of conservative Senator Jesse Helms and of a traces recent exhibition on the civil rights movement in North Carolina. These features cover a wide swath of North Carolina political history, from the role of race, class, and gender to the impact of modern media in shaping the state’s politics. The editors would be remiss if they did not acknowledge the staff and writers who contributed to the previous volume of Traces, which tied for First Prize in the Gerald D. Nash History Journal Award Competition in only its second year of publication, after earning Second Prize the previous year. The award is a testament to the excellent research and writing that UNC-Chapel Hill students produce, with the help of the school’s fine faculty. Maggie Howell, Editor-in-Chief Mark W. Hornburg, Executive & Founding Editor xiv contributors Julie Ault Julie Ault is a Ph.D. candidate in history at UNC-Chapel Hill. She studies European and environmental history in the post-World War II era. Kelsey Blake Kelsey Blake graduated from UNC-Chapel Hill in 2012 with a B.A. in Medieval History. She has recently completed a Master’s Degree from the University of Edinburgh’s School of History, Classics, and Archaeology.