Fourth National Report to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity: United Kingdom Fourth National Report to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity: United Kingdom Table of Contents: Executive Summary ................................................................................................. 4H Chapter I - Overview of Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats........................ 8H 1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 8H 1.2 Political structure of the UK. ............................................................................. 9H 1.3 Terrestrial Habitats ......................................................................................... 10H 1.3.1. Extent of broad habitats .......................................................................... 10H 1.3.2. Extent of boundary and linear features ................................................... 11H 1.3.3. Condition of habitats and other countryside features .............................. 12H 1.3.4 Trend in UK BAP habitats ........................................................................ 13H 1.4 Plants and fungi.............................................................................................. 14H 1.4.1 Vascular Plants ........................................................................................ 14H 1.4.2 Bryophytes ............................................................................................... 16H 1.4.3 Fungi ........................................................................................................ 17H 1.4.4 Algae........................................................................................................ 18H 1.4.5 Lichens..................................................................................................... 18H 1.5 Terrestrial Mammals ....................................................................................... 18H 1.6 Birds ............................................................................................................... 19H 1.6.1 Breeding Birds.......................................................................................... 19H 1.6.2 Seabirds................................................................................................... 20H 1.6.3 Wintering Waterbirds................................................................................ 22H 1.7 Freshwater Fish.............................................................................................. 24H 1.8 Butterflies........................................................................................................ 24H 1.9 Moths.............................................................................................................. 26H 1.10 Biological Recording ..................................................................................... 27H 1.11 Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) species......................................................... 27H 1.12 Protected areas ............................................................................................ 30H 1.13 Marine Nature............................................................................................... 30H 1.13.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 30H 1.13.2 Plankton ................................................................................................. 30H 1.13.3 Marine habitats....................................................................................... 31H 1.13.4 Marine mammals.................................................................................... 32H 1.13.5 Marine fish.............................................................................................. 32H 1.14. Key threats to biodiversity............................................................................ 33H 1.14.1 Climate Change ..................................................................................... 35H 1.15 Conclusions .................................................................................................. 36H 1.15.1 Terrestrial / Freshwater Habitat and Species Conclusions..................... 36H 1.15.2 Climate Change Conclusions................................................................. 37H 1.15.3 Marine Conclusions................................................................................ 37H 4th UK CBD report 18 May 2009 Chapter II – Current status of National Biodiversity Strategies and Action plans ................................................................................................................................. 39H 2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 39H 2.2 UK Country Strategies .................................................................................... 40H 2.2.1 England:................................................................................................... 40H 2.2.2 Scotland: .................................................................................................. 40H 2.2.3 Wales: ...................................................................................................... 40H 2.2.4 Northern Ireland: ...................................................................................... 40H 2.3 UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP)............................................................ 40H 2.3.1 UK BAP Reviews ..................................................................................... 40H 2.3.2 England.................................................................................................... 41H 2.3.3 Wales ....................................................................................................... 41H 2.3.4 Scotland ................................................................................................... 41H 2.3.5 Northern Ireland ....................................................................................... 42H 2.3.6 UK BAP Success ..................................................................................... 42H Chapter III - Sectoral and cross-sectoral integration or mainstreaming of biodiversity considerations................................................................................... 43H 3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 43H 3.2 UK Country Integration Strategies .................................................................. 43H 3.2.1 England.................................................................................................... 44H 3.2.2 Scotland ................................................................................................... 44H 3.2.3 Wales ....................................................................................................... 45H 3.2.4 Northern Ireland ....................................................................................... 46H 3.3 Addressing threats to biodiversity................................................................... 46H 3.3.1 Agriculture................................................................................................ 46H 3.3.2 Woodlands ............................................................................................... 48H 3.3.3 Marine and Coastal .................................................................................. 49H 3.3.4 Water and Wetlands................................................................................. 50H 3.3.5 Air quality ................................................................................................. 51H 3.3.6 Invasive Non-Native Species ................................................................... 51H 3.3.7 Infrastructure development....................................................................... 53H 3.3.8 Climate Change ....................................................................................... 54H 3.3.9 Public Engagement .................................................................................. 55H 3.3.10 Evidence ................................................................................................ 56H Chapter IV - Conclusions: Progress towards the 2010 Target and Implementation of the Strategic Plan ................................................................... 58H 4.1 Progress Towards the 2010 Target................................................................. 58H 4.2 Progress towards the Goals and Objectives of the Strategic Plan of the Convention ............................................................................................................. 82H 4.2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 82H 4.2.2 Assessment of the UK contribution to and progress towards each of the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity Strategic Plan: .................... 82H 4.3 Conclusions...................................................................................................... 91H 4.3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 91H 4.3.2 Access and Benefit Sharing......................................................................... 91H 4.3.3 UK BAP ......................................................................................................