PITMAN METALLURGY SERIES FRANK T. SISCO, Advisory Editor Engineering Metallurgy Engineering pitman PUBLISHING CORPORATION >* Metallurgy By THE COMMITTEE ON METALLURGY -4 collaborative writing group of metallurgy professors. NEW YORK • TORONTO • LONDON Copyright ©, 1957 BY PITMAN PUBLISHING CORPORATION All rights reserved. No part of this book may l>e reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. 1.2 Associated Companies Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd. London Mcllraurne Johannesburg Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons (Canada), Ltd. Toronto / t &9 / QOZAfcl- , COTA PRINTED in the United States of America Coauthors Theodore Allen, Jr., M.S.M.E., Associate Professor of Mechanical En- gineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas; Engineer Associated with Anderson, Greenwood and Co., Bellaire, Texas Lee L. Amidon, M.S.M.E., Professor and Head, Department of Mechani- cal Engineering, South Dakota State College, Brookings, South Dakota John K. Anthony. M.S.. Associate Professor of Physical Metallurgy, Uni- versity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Robert E. Bannon, S.M., Professor of Metallurgy, Newark College of Engineering, Newark, New Jersey Francis William Brown, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Clarkson College of Technology, Potsdam, New York Frederick Leo Coonan, D.Sc, Professor and Chairman, Department of Metallurgy and Chemistry, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California Howard P. Davis, M.S., Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming Harold Vincent Fairbanks, M.S., Professor of Metallurgical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia Mars G. Fontana, Ph.D., Professor and Chairman, Department of Metal- lurgical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Arthur R. Foster, M.Eng., Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineer- ing, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts Arthur C. Forsyth, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Metallurgical Engi- neering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Richard Edward Grace, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Metallurgical En- gineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana Leonard B. Gulbransen, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Washington Uni- versity, St. Louis, Missouri Joseph Gurland, D.Sc, Assistant Professor, Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island Walter R. Hibbard, M.S., Adjunct Associate Professor of Metallurgy, College of Engineering, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Con- necticut vi Coauthors Walter M. Hirthe, M.S.M.E., Assistant Professor of Mechanical En- gineering, College of Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Abraham Eldred Hostetter, Ph.D., Professor of Metallurgy, Kansas State College, Manhattan, Kansas John J. Kaufman, Metallurgy Department, Academy of Aeronautics, Flushing, New York J. Edward Krauss, M.S., Head, Department of Mechanical Technology, New York City Community College, Brooklyn, New York Hollis Philip Leighly, Jr., Ph.D., Chairman, Department of Metallurgy, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado Irving J. Levinson, M.S., Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Lawrence Institute of Technology, Detroit, Michigan Jules Washington Lindau, III, M.E., Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina James R. MacDonald, Ph.D., Chairman, Department of Mechanical En- gineering, School of Engineering, The University of Mississippi, Uni- versity, Mississippi Omar C. Moore, M.S., Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Alabama Don R. Mosher, B.S., Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Charles Arthur Nagler, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan Richard O. Powell, College of Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana Oran Allan Pringle, M.S.M.E., Associate Professor of Mechanical En- gineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri Kenneth E. Rose, M.S., Professor of Metallurgical Engineering, Uni- versity of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas Philip C. Rosenthal, M.S., Professor of Metallurgical Engineering, Uni- versity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Robert E. Shaffer, M.S., Associate Professor of Engineering, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York Coauthors vii Walter E. Short, M.S.M.E., Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineer- ing, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois Floyd Sheldon Smith, M.S., Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineer- ing, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Alabama GEORGE V. Smith, Ph.D., Assistant Director for Metallurgical Engineer- ing, School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Sicmund Levern Smith, M.Met.E., Professor of Metallurgy, College of Mines, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Joseph William Spretnak, Ph.D., Professor of Metallurgical Engineer- ing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Rocer Greenleaf Stevens, Ph.D., Head, Department of Chemical En- gineering, Southwestern Louisiana Institute, Lafayette, Louisiana William H. Tholke, B.S., Instructor of Metallurgy, University of Cin- cinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio John Stanton Winston, M.A., M.S., Chairman, Department of Metal- lurgy, Mackay School of Mines, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada Preface Engineering Metallurgy was developed to present in a concise, under- standable manner the principles of ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy for all engineers—student and practicing. Both graduate and undergradu- ate student engineers need a fundamental knowledge of the metals they will employ in their work. The emphasis, throughout therefore, is on metallurgical principles rather than on handbook information; however, specific data are given so as to provide a realistic structure to reinforce the theoretical presentations. The practicing engineer who has had little contact with the field of metallurgy, or who has had no formal work in metallurgy, will find in this book a sufficiently complete summary of all of the essentials he needs to know to obtain a broad understanding of the field. Keeping up with metallurgical developments in all branches of the art, as reported in the technical literature of the world, is difficult for those actively engaged in the manufacture, processing, or the industrial use of engineering metals and alloys. For the thousands of such indi- viduals, who work with or who use metallic materials but who cannot possibly find time to read everything, summaries such as this book have a well-defined place in the scheme of things. Because metallurgy is such a dynamic and diversified art and science, the preparation of a definitive, up-to-date, authoritative work in this field required a bold approach. Forty professors actually engaged in teaching engineering metallurgy in universities across the country were asked to pool their knowledge and research to produce this text. Through inten- sive questionnaire techniques, the scope and content of the book were first defined and outlined by the group. Once the basic content had been selected, ideas for all chapters were channeled to experts selected to serve on individual chapter committees. From these ideas and their own combined experience and research, each committee built chapter out- lines. Overlaps and omissions were detected by the editorial staff and referred to the committees for alteration and preparation of rough draft. The coauthors read and checked the smoothness of presentation of the chapter, adding to and refining the draft. Thus were built the twenty- three chapters of Engineering Metallurgy by the forty coauthors. Chapters 1 through 6 deal with the general principles of metallurgy as they are related to engineering. Chapter 3 (Factors Affecting En- gineering Properties) will be especially useful to the student in gaining ix x Preface an appreciation of the over-all study of engineering metallurgy. In Chap- ter 6 (Phase Diagrams and the Simply Alloy Systems) , the student is introduced to basic problems of equilibrium and alloying. Chapters 7 through 10 treat of the nonferrous metals and alloys. To these important materials, a generous amount of space has been devoted so that com- plete coverage could be obtained. Chapters 1 1 through 20 arc concerned with iron and steel—with special attention given to the subjects of heat treatment and ferrous alloys. Machinability, corrosion, and the effects of temperature are fully covered in Chapters 21 to 23. All technical terms are defined as they are introduced, and stress is laid upon fundamental concepts. At the end of each chapter there is a set of questions and exercises constructed to help the student focus at- tention on the important definitions and principles presented in the chapter. Principles, definitions, and illustrative examples are set down with precision and clarity. Drawings and photographs are used without re- serve to amplify the discussion. In certain chapters, detailed tables are included for the convenience of the reader. The Committee on Metallurgy is aware that the usage of this text and developments in the field will indicate areas needing revision. Professors and students are therefore urged to send comments on chapters to the publisher or chapter committees so that appropriate changes may be made in the next edition. The Editor Contents Preface v Chapter 1. Metallurgy and Engineering 1 1.1. Metallurgy as an Art 1 1.2. Metallurgy as a Science 2 1.3. Metallurgy and Engineering