Space Payload Design and Sizing Payload Objectives May 3 Ariane 5 • ASTRA 1L & Galaxy 17 Launch window: 2229-2313 GMT (6:29-7:13 p.m. EDT) Launch site: ELA-3, Kourou, French Guiana May 11/12 Soyuz • Progress 25P Launch time: 0325 GMT May 12 (11:25 p.m. EDT May 11) Launch site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan A Russian government Soyuz rocket will launch the 25th Progress cargo delivery ship to the International Space Station. Docking is planned for 0512 GMT (1:12 a.m. EDT) on May 15 May 14 Long March 3B • Nigcomsat 1 Launch time: TBD Launch site: Xichang Satellite Launch Center, China A Chinese Long March 3B rocket will launch the Nigcomsat 1 telecommunications spacecraft. The Nigerian communications satellite will cover western Africa. May 20 Soyuz • Globalstar Launch time: TBD Launch site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan 1 Late May Dnepr • Genesis 2 Launch time: TBD Launch site: Dombarovsky, Russia June 7/8 Delta 2 • COSMO-SkyMed 1 Launch window: 0220-0233 GMT June 8 (10:20-10:33 p.m. EDT June 7) Launch site: SLC-2W, Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif. NET June 8 Shuttle Atlantis • ISS 13A Launch time: approx. 2334 GMT (7:34 p.m. EDT) Launch site: LC-39A, Kennedy Space Center, Florida STS-117 will be the 21st U.S. mission to the International Space Station. The flight will deliver and attach the next starboard truss segment to the station -- the Integrated Truss Structure S3/S4 and associated set of power-generating solar arrays. Delayed from Oct. 2, 2003 in wake of Columbia tragedy. Delayed from Feb. 22. Moved up from March 16. Delayed from March 15 to repair hail damage to external tank. June 14 Atlas 5 • NRO L-30 Launch period: TBD Launch site: SLC-41, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida Shuttle Atlantis • ISS 13A 2 June Proton • DirecTV 10 Launch time: TBD Launch site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan June 30 Delta 2 • Dawn Launch window: approx. 2113-2133 GMT (5:13-5:33 p.m. EDT) Launch site: SLC-17, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida The United Launch Alliance Delta 2 rocket will launch NASA's Dawn spacecraft that will use an ion propulsion system to visit and orbit the asteroids Vesta and Ceres. The rocket will fly in the 7925-Heavy vehicle configuration. Delayed from June 2006 for a program review that led to cancellation. Mission was restored after controversy. Delayed from June 20. http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/ Aug. 3 Delta 2 • Phoenix Launch window: TBD Launch site: SLC-17, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida The United Launch Alliance Delta 2 rocket will launch NASA's next lander to Mars. The Phoenix spacecraft will use a robotic arm to examine samples of the soil at its landing spot on the arctic plains. The rocket will fly in the 7925 vehicle configuration. 3 June Proton • DirecTV 10 Launch time: TBD Launch site: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan June 30 Delta 2 • Dawn Launch window: approx. 2113-2133 GMT (5:13-5:33 p.m. EDT) Launch site: SLC-17, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida The United Launch Alliance Delta 2 rocket will launch NASA's Dawn spacecraft that will use an ion propulsion system to visit and orbit the asteroids Vesta and Ceres. The rocket will fly in the 7925-Heavy vehicle configuration. Delayed from June 2006 for a program review that led to cancellation. Mission was restored after controversy. Delayed from June 20. Aug. 3 Delta 2 • Phoenix Launch window: TBD Launch site: SLC-17, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida The United Launch Alliance Delta 2 rocket will launch NASA's next lander to Mars. The Phoenix spacecraft will use a robotic arm to examine samples of the soil at its landing spot on the arctic plains. The rocket will fly in the 7925 vehicle configuration. http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/ 4 5 Aug. 9 Shuttle Endeavour • ISS 13A.1 Launch time: approx. 2215 GMT (6:15 p.m. EDT) Launch site: LC-39A, Kennedy Space Center, Florida STS-118 will be the 22nd U.S. mission to the International Space Station. The flight will deliver and attach the third starboard truss segment to the station -- the Integrated Truss Structure S5. A Spacehab module riding in Endeavour's payload bay will ferry supplies and equipment to the outpost. Delayed from June 11 and 28. August H-2A • SELENE Launch window: TBD Launch site: Tanegashima, Japan http://selene.tksc.jaxa.jp/index_e.html The Japanese H-2A rocket will launch the Selonological and Engineering Explorer. SELENE will be Japan's first orbiter sent to the moon. Delayed from July. Oct. 20 Shuttle Discovery • ISS 10A Launch time: approx. 1650 GMT (12:50 p.m. EDT) Launch site: LC-39A, Kennedy Space Center, Florida 6 7 Dec. 14 Delta 2 • GLAST Launch window: TBD Launch site: SLC-17, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida The United Launch Alliance Delta 2 rocket will launch NASA's Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope observatory into orbit. The rocket will fly in the 7920-Heavy vehicle configuration. http://glast.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Feb. 14 Shuttle Endeavour • ISS 1J/A Launch time: approx. 1700 GMT (12 noon EST) Launch site: LC-39, Kennedy Space Center, Florida 8 Space Payload Design • Payload Design Process • Requirements • The Space Environment • Interfaces (Payload-Platform) • Calibration Payload The payload is: • Hardware and software that interacts with the “subject” to reach the mission goals (objectives) 9 Payload The payload is: • Hardware and software that interacts with the “subject” to reach the mission goals (objectives) • The reason that the spacecraft is flown • The mission driver (size, cost, risk) • The part that contain the primary requirement specifications 10 Space Mission and Payload Categories • Communications • Remote Sensing • Navigation • Weapons • In Situ Science • Other (Microgravity, Manufacturing, Space Power, Resource utilization, Tourism, Space burial…) Communications • Transfer of information • Telecommunication, TV broadcast, navigation •GEO •LEO • Examples: Intelsat, Iridium (check Iridium flares at: www.heaveans-above.com) 11 Remote Sensing • Observation (no contact) • Earth’s surface, atmosphere, warning (weather, military), astronomy • Mainly electromagnetic spectrum (but could also be gravitational waves) • Passive or Active sensor (radar) • Examples: LandSat, Hubble Space Telescope, XMM, Integral, WMAP, Magellan, Mars Express, MGS, Mars Odysee, Voyager Electromagnetic Information Content 12 Navigation • Commercial and Military • Examples: GPS Weapons • Warhead • High-energy weapons (e.g. lasers) – Star War In Situ Science • Sample Collection and Evaluation • Examples: Apollo, Viking, Venera, Luna, Mars Sojourner (Pathfinder), MER (Rovers), Stardust, Rosetta, Cassini, Giotto • Measurements of e.g. magnetic fields, solar wind, radiation • Examples: Ørsted, Ace, SoHO, Explorer, Cluster, Ulyses, Voyager, Pioneer 13 Space Payload Design and Sizing Requirements Specifications Interface Control Document (ICD) Mission Objective and Critical mission requirements 1. Payload Objectives (Nyttelastens formål) 2. Payload Subject Trades (Specifikke krav og håndtering af nyttelastens formål) 3. Payload Operations Concept (end-to-end, all phases) 4. Required Payload Capability 5. Identify Candidate Payloads 6. Candidate Payload Characteristics 7. Evaluate Candidate and Select a Baseline 8. Assess Life-cycle Cost and Operability g 9. Payload-derived Requirements izin nd S ign a 10. Documentation! Des load Pay 14 Mission Objective and Critical mission requirements Top-down methodology Rømer (1999-2003) Mission Objective and Critical mission requirements Example: Rømer primary mission objective To provide new insights into the structure and evolution of stars, using them as laboratories to understand physics under extreme conditions, by studying oscillations in a sample of 20 solar-type stars. 15 Mission Objective and Critical mission requirements Example: Rømer secondary mission objectives 1. To study the structure and evolution of stars hotter and more massive than the Sun (delta Scuti and rapidly oscillating Ap stars) by measuring their oscillations. 2. To study variability in a large sample of stars of all types. Mission Objective and Critical mission requirements Example: Scientific aims (Rømer): • Properties of convective cores, including overshoot • Structure and age of low-metallicity stars • Physical properties of stellar matter • Stellar helium abundances • Effects and evolution of stellar internal rotation • Dependence of the excitation of oscillations • Surface features • Convective motions on stellar surfaces • Reflected lights from exoplanets (and transits) 16 Mission Objective and Critical mission requirements 1. Payload Objectives (Nyttelastens formål) Example: Rømer Payload Objectives • Photometric precision: We must be able to detect oscillations that have very low amplitudes (1-10 ppm) • Temporal coverage: Each primary target must be observed almost continuously for about one month • Sky coverage: The science goals require access to the whole sky over the course of the mission • Wavelength coverage: Photometry in more than one colour is required for mode identification Mission Objective and Critical mission requirements 1. Payload Objectives (Nyttelastens formål) 2. Payload Subject Trades (Specifikke krav og håndtering Things that the spacecraft af nyttelastens formål) will interact with Example: Rømer PRS (Payload Requirements Specification) • PRS-01: The main data from MONS should be differential photometry • PRS-02: The main data from MONS should be two-colour broad-band photometry • PRS-03: The MONS payload requires high-stability on short time scales and progressively less stability on longer timescales, to match the shape of the intrinsic stellar granulation noise. • PRS-04: Blue filter: the passband should be 400 - 520 nm, with a mean wavelength of 460 nm. • PRS-05: Red filter: the passband should be 620 - 780 nm, with a mean wavelength of 700 nm. 17 Mission Objective and Critical mission requirements 1. Payload Objectives (Nyttelastens formål) 2. Payload Subject Trades (Specifikke krav og håndtering af nyttelastens formål) Example: Rømer PRS (Payload Requirements Specification) • PRS-10: We specify 32 cm as the Telescope diameter and about 17 cm as the diameter of the central obstruction. The detector will be placed out of focus in order to avoid saturation (see PRS-18).