Nazityskland I Populärkulturen

Nazityskland I Populärkulturen

Nazityskland i populärkulturen Minne, myt, medier 1 2 Nazityskland i populärkulturen Minne, myt, medier Eva Kingsepp Stockholms universitet 3 Till mina föräldrar © Eva Kingsepp 2008 Omslagsbild: Björn A. Ekblom ISSN: 1102-3015 ISBN: 978-91-7155-701-8 Tryck: Printcenter, Stockholm 2008 Distributör: Institutionen för journalistik, medier och kommunikation (JMK), Stockholms universitet 4 Innehåll Förord ....................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Inledning ............................................................................................................................. 11 1.1. Mediemarknaden kring Tredje riket: en överblick ............................................................ 12 1.2 En första blick på materialet .............................................................................................. 14 1.3 Begreppsförtydliganden ..................................................................................................... 14 1.4 Syfte, hypoteser och frågeställningar ................................................................................. 15 1.5 Kritik och avgränsningar .................................................................................................... 17 1.6 Disposition ......................................................................................................................... 19 2. Forskningsöversikt ............................................................................................................. 20 2.1 Kulturstudier och visuella studier ...................................................................................... 20 2.2 Medieetnografi och receptionsforskning ............................................................................ 21 2.3 Populärkulturella perspektiv på Tredje riket ...................................................................... 22 2.3.1 Andra världskriget ........................................................................................................... 23 2.3.2 Tredje riket ...................................................................................................................... 24 2.3.3 Subkulturer och myter ..................................................................................................... 25 2.3.4 ”Den nya diskursen” kring Tredje riket: Refl ections of Nazism ..................................... 27 2.3.5 Tredje riket i alternativ historia ....................................................................................... 28 2.3.6 Slutsatser ......................................................................................................................... 30 3. Teoretisk ram: Medialisering, myt och diskurs .............................................................. 32 3.1 Medialisering ..................................................................................................................... 32 3.1.1 Det narrativa berättandet ................................................................................................. 32 3.1.2 Film som historieberättelser ............................................................................................ 34 3.1.3 Dokumentärfi lm: kommunikationsform och berättelsestrategier ................................... 35 3.1.4 Alternativ historia och kryptohistoria ............................................................................. 38 3.1.5 Autenticitet och realism .................................................................................................. 40 3.1.6 Remediering, hyperrealitet och historisk immersion ...................................................... 43 3.1.7 Stereotyper, fetischer, arketyper och symboler ............................................................... 45 3.1.8 Det utopiska och det politiska omedvetna ...................................................................... 47 3.2 Myt ..................................................................................................................................... 50 3.2.1 Mytbegreppet .................................................................................................................. 50 3.2.2 Avförtrollning och återförtrollning? Myt och religion i det senmoderna ....................... 52 3.2.3 Den moderna myten: mytoklasm och semioklasm ......................................................... 54 3.3 Diskurs ............................................................................................................................... 57 3.3.1 Diskurs och kollektivt minne .......................................................................................... 59 3.4 Avslutande diskussion ........................................................................................................ 62 4. Metodologisk ram och material ........................................................................................ 65 4.1 Övergripande perspektiv .................................................................................................... 65 4.1.1 Hermeneutik och fenomenologi ...................................................................................... 65 5 4.1.2 Kulturstudier som metodologisk grundval ...................................................................... 66 4.2 Konkreta metodval ............................................................................................................. 67 4.2.1 Medietexterna: diskursanalys och semiotik .................................................................... 67 4.2.2 Publiken/användarna: medieetnografi och diskursanalys ............................................... 69 4.3 Materialet: urval och tillvägagångssätt .............................................................................. 70 4.3.1 Medietexterna: urval ....................................................................................................... 70 4.3.2 Medietexterna: tillvägagångssätt .................................................................................... 72 4.3.3 Publiken/användarna: urval ............................................................................................ 73 4.3.4 Publiken/användarna: tillvägagångssätt .......................................................................... 76 4.4 Kritiska synpunkter ............................................................................................................ 78 4.4.1 Begränsningar i redovisningen ....................................................................................... 78 4.4.2 Validitet, reliabilitet, generaliserbarhet ........................................................................... 78 4.4.3 Genusaspekten ................................................................................................................ 80 5. Visualiteter: Tredje riket i symboler ................................................................................ 82 5.1 Tredje riket som formelberättelse ...................................................................................... 82 5.2 Tecken och symboler för nazistiskhet i spelfi lm ................................................................ 84 5.2.1 Grafi ska tecken: a) Hakkors och järnkors ....................................................................... 87 5.2.2 Grafi ska tecken: b) SS-runor och Totenkopfdödskalle ................................................... 89 5.2.3 Dräktattribut: a) ’Onda’ klädesplagg ............................................................................. 90 5.2.4 Dräktattribut: b) Runda stålbågade glasögon .................................................................. 93 5.2.5 Frakturstilens och det tyska språkets betydelse .............................................................. 94 5.2.6 Typer och stereotyper ...................................................................................................... 95 Onda nazister ........................................................................................................................... 95 Sympatiska tyskar .................................................................................................................... 97 Nazikvinnor och sympatiska tyskor ........................................................................................ 98 Homosexuella, sexuellt avvikande ........................................................................................... 98 Diskussion kring nazistereotyper i spelfi lm ............................................................................. 99 5.3 Jämförelse: Tredje riket-symbolik i dokumentärfi lm ....................................................... 101 5.4 Historisk immersion i dataspel ......................................................................................... 103 5.4.1 Historiskt rum ............................................................................................................... 103 5.4.2 Historisk tid ................................................................................................................... 105 5.5 Den symboliska diskursen ............................................................................................... 110 6. Historiska representationer på fi lm: Hitlers sista dagar .............................................. 115 6.1 Nazidokumentären: utkast till typologi ............................................................................ 115 6.2 Fallstudie:

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