AN ABSTRACT CF THE THESIS OF Elva Olson Michael for the degree of Masterof Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies: Anthropology, Art, and Resource Recreation presented on July 25, 1979 Title: GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES and THE PRESERVATIONAND DISPLAY OF NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURAL RESOURCES IN THE MIDDLE COLUMBIA BASIN Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Thomas C. Hogg , " Prior to advent of Europeans in thePacific Northwest, the Middle Columbia River Basin was thelocation of highly develped native cultures. For centuries it was the center of very important native trade networksthat extended over western North America and a site ofimportant intertribal rituals relating to renewal of natural andfood resources. It possessed remarkably rich cultural resourceswhich are part of our national heritage andtrust. Today the Pacific Northwest Region isthe locus of 53 dam's which have inundated formervillages, fishing grounds, and prehistoric sites ofIndian people. This is especially true along the ColumbiaRiver. The construction of The Dalles Dam in 1952 institutedprior removal of ap- proximately forty of the 450prehistoric petroglyphs along the banks of the Long Narrowsand Celilo Falls, just east of The Dalles, Oregon. Following the removal of these native works of art, they werestored at The Dalles Dam site where they have remained for twenty-seven years. The situation of the petroglyphs prompted the question of who is responsible for their care, preservation, and proper interpretation. Research was conducted to examine pertinent federal and state policies as revealed in laws, regulations, executive orders, and in the actions and statements of public officials whose responsibilities relate to cultural resources. It was determined that laxity in enforcement of the Federal Antiquities Act of 1906 allows the petroglyphs to have remained in obscurity over the years and to never have been properly cared for or interpreted in a scientific or educational context. A review of the history of antiq- uities legislation and directives clearly shows that such a circumstance could not happen today because of more stringent regulations and enforcement procedures. Inter- views with today's public officials reveal that they are fully aware of present legal responsibilities and require- ments and that they are sympathetic to any private efforts to properly install and display The Dalles petroglyphs. Research further reveals, however, that public offic- ials claim no responsibility or jurisdiction over the petroglyphs, nor are they inclined to assume leadership or to pursue jurisdiction in order to deal with clearly cor- rectible omissions of past regulations and procedures. GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES and THE PRESERVATION AND DISPLAY of NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURAL RESOURCES IN THE MIDDLE COLUMBIA BASIN by Elva Olson Michael A THESIS submitted to OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES Commencement June, 1980 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Thomas C. Hogg, Major Profes r Chairman, Department of Anthropology Redacted for Privacy Edward H. Heath, Chairman, Department of Resource Recreation Redacted for Privacy Mark Spenenburgh, Pro)LogSor, Department of Art Redacted for Privacy Thomas C. McClintock, Chairman, Department of History Graduate School Representative Redacted for Privacy Dean of Graduate School Date of Presentation of Thesis: July 25, 1979 DEDICATED to THE FACULTY OF OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY who took an aging gull into its flOck and, under the wise counsel of Dr. Thomas Clark Hogg, nurtured and encouraged her so she could lift her wings again and soar to those high places that she loves so well. "Despite some of their less admirable characteristics historically--the glorification of warfare, the taking of slaves, the rigidity of same of their social struc- tures, which are all too familiar as 'human' failings among white men--the American Indians maintained at least one spiritual trait (essentially animistic) that I find particularly admirable and worthy of reexamination: they did not place themselves above their organic or inorganic companions on earth but recognized with awe that they shared the planet as equals with animals, fish, birds, trees, rivers, bushes, stones, and such phenomena as weather and natural disasters. This at- titude made them more alert, humbler, and, I suspect, wiser than those whom the more northerly coastal tribes called 'The IronPeople' and the more southerly tribes called 'The Moving People,' two names that still fit white men uncomfortably well." -Wagoner, David, Who Shall Be the Sun? "Author's Note" Dedicated "In Memory of Franz Boas (1856-1942" "The white men were many and we could not hold our own with them. We were like deer. They were like grizzly bears. We had a small country. Their country was large. We were contented to let things remain as the Great Spirit made them. They were not and would change the rivers if they did not suit them." Chief Joseph, 1877 "In 1877, the United States government ordered all the Nez Perce Indians out of the Wallowa Valley in eastern Oregon onto the Lapwai Reser- vation in Idaho, although this order was in violation of the 1873 agreement which in effect restricted the Wallowa Valley from settlement by white people. The Nez Perces, headed by Chief Joseph, were given 30 days to move them- selves and all of their possessions by General Oliver Howard. Chief Joseph asked for more time, which was refused. General Howard told them if the time ran one day over 30 days, they would be driven onto the reservation by military per- sonnel and all of their cattle and horses would be taken over by white men. Chief Joseph called a council meeting, which resulted in a decision to move. " TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I: Introduction 1 CHAPTER II: Research Methods 12 CHAPTER III: The Petroglyphs and Native Cultures of the Columbia 20 CHAPTER IV: Water Resource Development and Impact on Cultural Resources in the Columbia River Basin 39 Quotation: Yakima Indian Nation 45 CHAPTER V: Efforts to Preserve Cultural Resources at The Dalles 46 CHAPTER VI: Federal and State Laws and Government Agencies Policies in Regard to Preservation of Native American Cultures 51 List of Oregon Laws Pertaining to Cultural Resources 75 CHAPTER VII: Summary of Findings and Conclusions 77 Quotation: The Burial of SalmonFlying 85 BIBLIOGRAPHY 86 BIBLIOGRAPHY: Encyclopedia Brittanica 89 ADDENDA: Photographs: The Petroglyphs 97 Photographs: Private Collection 100 Photocopy: Request for Establishment of a Museum of Natural History (1956) 103 Photocopy: Study of a Proposed Museum (1957) 168 1 GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES and THE PRESERVATION AND DISPLAY OF NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURAL RESOURCES IN THE MIDDLE COLUMBIA BASIN I. INTRODUCTION In the study of the anthropology of native Americans who occupied land on both sides of the Middle Columbia River long before, and shortly after, the arrival of white man, it is revealed that prehistoric man had inscribed pictorial forms and writings, or petroglyphs, on the rock facings of the banks of the river in this area. These petroglyphs contined for several miles along a stretch of the river known as the Long Narrows, which began at Celilo Falls and continued west for approximately five miles, ending a short distance east of The Dalles, Oregon. Prehistoric natives had stood along these banks many cen- turies ago, where the unrestricted and raging waters of Celilo Falls were compressed into a narrow-gauged strait, cutting deeply into the rock foundation of the river's bed. Here they had recorded inscriptions which represented many facets of their lives and unique culture. There were pic- tures of animals, snakes, birds, and fish withwwhich they were familiar. There was also evidence that tribes had 2 gathered here from otherplaces for impressions of animals that were believed to havenever existed in this locality were recorded in the rock. For centuries Indianshad fished here for salmon,their main subsistence food, andtribesmen had come from far-off places to augment their dietwith the delectable salmon and sturgeon, whichwere caught in considerable quantities in the Columbia River, butnever wasted. The native fisher- men would stand precariouslyon rocks or timbers over the falls to spear their victims. The unforgettable sight of Indians displaying their skill,expertise, and daring to acquire food in thismanner vividly impressed white men when they arrived along the river. The Indians not only risked their lives to catch thefish but they also immor- talized this feature of their livesby carving inscriptions of these activities in the rockfacings of the river's banks. If one could picture in one's mindthe great Columbia River Gorge prior to the arrival of whitemen, when the river ran clear and free, when therewere no boats excepting the silent canoes on its surface, when only footpaths peregrinated through the forests and grasslands, whenthe only fragrances and odors were those of pine and fir anddamp leaf mold in the cool, moist places, and scorchedgrass east of the mountains in the hot summers, interminglingwith the acrid, pungent of many campfires, and the redolent,nostril-quivering 3 smell of salmon being cooked on hot coals, thenone would know that the Columbia River Gorge was, indeed, an authentic Paradise which its occupants would fight to defend from invasion and destruction by strange, white men intruding from other lands. The natives' expertise in knowledge of the terrain, of its forests and waterways, of how to catch fish in the rivers and where game animals and birds could be found, and all of those skills and knowledge which are only learned by intim- ate association over a long period of time with the earth itself and all of those properties identified with earth, all of these far outweighed the learned skills that white man possessed when he invaded the Indians' unspoiled territory. But all of the skills and native intelligence could not combat the diseases which white man brought with him when he arrived in the early years of the nineteenth century, and entire villages were ravaged and the populations were decimated or, in some cases, completely wiped out.