Outstanding heritage sites - A resource for territories Magali Talandier, Françoise Navarre, Laure Cormier, Pierre-Antoine Landel, Jean-François Ruault, Nicolas Senil To cite this version: Magali Talandier, Françoise Navarre, Laure Cormier, Pierre-Antoine Landel, Jean-François Ruault, et al.. Outstanding heritage sites - A resource for territories. Editions du PUCA, 2019, Recherche, 978-2-11-138177-3. halshs-02298543 HAL Id: halshs-02298543 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02298543 Submitted on 26 Sep 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Outstanding heritage sites condense issues pertaining to economic development, financial management, governance, appropriation and preservation, affecting the territories which they are part of. These tensions, given free rein, would undermine the purpose served by the sites as well as their sustainability. In this context and after the analysis stage, the publication lays down the necessary conditions for these remarkable sites to constitute resources for the territories hosting them, and for these territories to make best use of their capacity for action in favour of heritage properties. By combining several disciplinary perspectives and empirical analyses, con- ducted both at the national level and as close as possible to the eleven areas cho- sen in France and abroad, the authors look at the problems of territories hosting OUTSTANDING HERITAGE outstanding heritage sites (in particular those featuring on the UNESCO world heritage list or those recognised under the Grands Sites de France Network) with a renewed perspective. Finally, these conditions of outstandingness also shed SITES light on the future of all the so-called ordinary territories. A resource for territories Magali Talandier Françoise Navarre Laure Cormier Pierre-Antoine Landel Jean-François Ruault Nicolas Senil Recherche Collection 23 OUTSTANDING HERITAGE SITES: A resource for territories Magali Talandier Françoise Navarre Laure Cormier Pierre-Antoine Landel Jean-François Ruault Nicolas Senil Recherche Collection Outstanding sites and balanced development of territories Programme Urban Planning Construction Architecture Plan (PUCA) Publication director: Hélène Peskine Action manager: Martine Vernhes Development officer: Bénédicte Bercovici PUCA Ministry of Territorial Cohesion and Relations with Local Authorities Ministry of Ecology and Inclusive Transition Arche sud - 92055 La Défense cedex - France www.urbanisme-puca.gouv.fr Puca, Collection “ Recherche ” No. 237 ISBN 978-2-11-138177-3 2019 Cover: Le Pont du Gard, © MTES/MCT, Terra Table of Contents 3 TA BLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 9 Revealing the forces in tension to better map out paths towards balance The value of landscapes and heritage The (financial) management of the sites at the heart of balancing issues The concept of resource at the centre of analyses A mixed methodology Part 1: Outstanding heritage sites and territories: an exchange of best practices 19 Introduction 21 Chapter 1: Territorialisation of outstanding heritage sites 23 70 UNESCO sites and/or sites that have been awarded the label “Grands Sites de France” are considered to be outstanding heritage sites 25 Heritage, a property and a resource 32 Outstanding heritage sites as a territorial resource 32 Outstanding heritage sites as a heritage resource 33 Outstanding heritage sites, places for managing collective or common public properties? 36 Territorial diversity through the prism of typologies 42 The socio-economic typology 44 The fiscal-financial typology 50 The environmental typology 57 The territorial trajectories 66 4 Outstanding heritage sites: a resource for territories Chapter 2: The socio-economic and fiscal-financial impact of the sites in their territory 79 The impact of outstanding heritage sites on local socio-economic dynamics 81 A territorial resource among others 84 A resource needing activation 93 A possible territorial development lever 95 The fiscal and financial situation of the local authorities concerned by outstanding sites 100 Unequal local authorities in terms of wealth depending on the sites 101 A high variability in expenditures of local authorities 112 A more or less pronounced local indebtedness 116 Contrasting “models” marked by inertia 119 Part 2: Outstanding heritage sites and territories: meeting the challenge of a peaceful relationship 135 Introduction 137 Chapter 1: Governance and management of outstanding heritage sites 139 The governance of outstanding heritage sites 141 “Multiterritorial” areas 142 Managing the stakeholders in the absence of a single political authority 149 Questioning the economic and legal model of territorial management 157 New and common fiscal and financial management methods 165 A financial management that is also fragmented 167 Means activated to deal with “outstanding” situations 174 Inter-thematic tensions in terms of financial dimensions 181 Approaches to addressing resource constraints 187 Chapter 2: Activation and appropriation of an economic, landscape and cultural resource 197 (Re)activating heritage sites as an economic resource 200 Sharing economic benefits 201 A development hampered by preservation measures 208 Innovations within and with territories 213 The environmental and landscape dimension as federative 219 The identity landscape as the linchpin of attractiveness 220 Standard tensions of land planning / development 228 Original strategies for overcoming the levels of tension 232 Table of Contents 5 Heritage fates and a sociocultural appropriation 238 Multiple and complex heritage processes (French: patrimonialisation) 238 A dual alterity driving force 243 Multiple paths to balance 254 General conclusion 263 The three structuring problematic dimensions 266 Conciliation between short term and long term 266 Integration attempts faced with fragmentation 267 Category-based logic, undermining associations 268 Strong dependencies weighing on the emergence of new practices 269 Cumbersome rationales for action 270 The inertia of financial situations 270 The tangle of standards 272 The emergence of new, innovative and experimental solutions 273 Capitalising on the existing 274 Conciliating the players and temporalities 276 Open experimentation environments 278 List of illustrations 283 Bibliography 287 Appendix: The research areas 301 - Somme Bay 303 - Nord-Pas-de-Calais Mining Basin 304 - Canal du Midi 305 - Decorated Cave of Pont d'Arc (known as Grotte Chauvet-Pont d'Arc) and Gorges of Ardèche 306 - The rebuilt city of Le Havre 307 - Poitevin marshland 308 - Massif des Ocres 309 - La Chaux-de-Fonds / Le Locle 310 - Emscher Park 311 - South Piedmont 312 - Salt valley of Añana 313 - Megalithic temples of Malta 314 Presentation of the authors 315 6 Outstanding heritage sites: a resource for territories Outstanding heritage sites: a resource for territories Introduction 7 In August 2014, the Urban Planning Construction Architecture Plan (PUCA) launched a research consultation entitled “Outstanding sites: what contribution do they make to local development? ”. Outstanding sites were taken to mean UNESCO world heritage sites (39) and major natural sites in France, or sites recognised under the French net- work for major sites (Réseau des Grands Sites de France, RGSF) (41)1 . The consultation highlighted central issues in terms of development and funding of the local (public) action for territories hosting a remarkable heritage site, where the problems have par- ticular significance and connotations with respect to the stakes at play. This publication is the result of a research programme conducted by teams from the PACTE and Lab’Urba laboratories, associated with the consulting cooperative Acadie-Reflex, under the scientific direction of Magali Talandier and Françoise Navarre2. The authors would like to thank Raphaël Besson, Manon Loisel, Philippe Estèbe and Gilles Novarina, Inès Ramirès-Cobo and Marine Roville for their involvement in this study, as well as Martine Vernhes for the coordination of the consultation under the PUCA. Finally, the authors convey their thanks to all the persons met during the field studies in France and Europe, as well as the members of the project’s scientific com- mittee. 1 That is, 70 sites in metropolitan France, a few of which are both recorded on the UNESCO world heritage list and recognised under the RGSF, without the (management) areas being completely identical, namely: all or part of the Vézère Valley, the site of Rocamadour, the Tarn Gorges, the Gorges of Hérault, the Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) and the Abbey of Vézelay (see Maps 1 and 2). 2The final report of the research “Outstanding sites as a resource for territories“ is available from the authors or from the PUCA. It brings together in particular all the statistical elements that are not exhaustively included in this publication. 8 Outstanding heritage sites: a resource for territories Somme Bay © Rights reserved Outstanding heritage sites: a resource for territories Introduction 9 Outstanding heritage sites, due to their