• • A Co ipetitive Book of AGRICULTURE ' :,,V , , Ak tr f 1 , S I t. , 1 11, 11 • • • • •.• • • ; „1,:v.i.,:;;;;;;•• : • -_ . ..1 •^ • . • 1 . - - • .'.• -•!_•_• • I •• • • •• ••.•- ' -•• t 1 " 0.'0. • '- 3. • ; • MIIINSSRE P a 0.4.1, ts•• •• •• :•1! V. CONTENTS S.No. Topic Page No. 1. Evolution and history 1-16 2. General Agriculture 17-46 Agronomy 47-150 Soil Science 151-195 Horticulture 196-247 6. Entomology 248-287 Plant Pathology 288-31 8. Nematology 317-333 9. Plant Breeding and Genetics 334-366 10. Plant Physiology 367-380 11. Extension 381-384 12. Agricultural Economics 385-391 13. Agricultural Statistics 39? -408 1 Animal Production 409-419 iv LEVOLUTION OFsAGRICULTUItE AND RELATED TEOIS The term agriculture and related subjects are derived from the words of: /. Agriculture- Latin word- `ager' or `agri' meaning `soil' and `cultura' meaning 'cultivation' 2. Agronomy- Greek word- `agros' meaning 'field' and `nomos' meaning 'manage' 3. Horticulture- Latin word- 'hortus' meaning 'garden' and cultura' meaning 'culture or growing' 4. Pomology- Latin -Greek word- Combination of Latin word `ponum' meaning 'fruit' and greek word 'logy' or 'logos meaning 'discourse, treatise, or science'. 5. Olericulture- Latin word- `oleris' meaning 'pot herb' and english word 'culture' meaning 'cultivation' 6. Floriculture- Latin word- • 7. Extension- Latin word- 'ex' meaning 'out' and `tensio' meaning 'stretching' 8. Soil Science- Latin word- `catena' meaning 'chain' 9. Soil- Latin word- `so/um' meaning "ground' 10. Monsoon- Arabic word- `mausim' meaning 'season' 11. Biodynamics- Greek word- `bios' meaning 'life' and 'dynamics' meaning 'energy' 12. Truck gardening- French word truck- 'torquer' meaning `to barter or exchange' 13. Nematode- Greek word- `nema' meaning 'thread' and 'told' meaning 14. Pedology- Greek word- `pedon' meaning 'soil or earth' 15. Pedogogy- Greek word- 'paid' meaning 'child' and `agogus' meaning 'leader' Evolution of Agriculture & related terms 1 A Competitive book of Agriculture IMMINNEMINAMINW.ftial: 16. Market- Latin word- `marcatus' meaning 'place of trade, traffic or merchandise'. 17. Evolution- Latin word- `evolutio' meaning 'unrolling or rolling out' 18. Enzyme- Greek word- 'en' meaning 'in' and `zyme' meaning 'ferment/living' 19. Credit- Latin word- 'credo' meaning 'I trust you'. 20. Society- Latin word-`societas' which was derived from noun `socius' meaning 'comrade, friend,ally'. 21. Vulgarization- French word- 'vulgarize' meaning 'popularize' 22. Cell — Latin word- `cellula' meaning 'small compartment' 23. 'In- vivo' and 'In- vitro' — Latin word- 'In -vivo' meaning `within the living' and 'In -vitro' meaning 'within the glass' 24. Plastid — GreA word- plastikas' meaning 'formed or moulded' 25. Ecology- Greek word- 'Oikos' meaning 'house/dwelling place' and 'logos' meaning 'study' 26. Entomology- Greek word- 'entomo' meaning 'insect' means 'cut into(section)' and 'logos' meaning 'discourse' 27. Arthropoda- Greek word- `arthros' meaning 'segmented' and `podu.s' meaning 'leg' 28. Phytopathology- Greek word- `phyton' meaning 'plant' , `pathos' meaning 'ailments' and `logus' meaning `knowledge' 29. Fungicide- Latin word- 'fungus' meaning 'fungus' and `caedo' meaning 'to kill' 30. Meteorology- Greek word- `Meteoro' meaning above the earth's surface' (atmosphere) and 'logy' meaning 'indicating science' Evolution of Agriculture & related terms HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE Agriculture, since its invention and inception, has been the prime and foremost activity of every culture and civilization throughout the history of mankind. The first man on the was Homo erectus evolved on the earth around 1.5 million years ago and after 5 lakh years he spreads throughout the old world [First in tropical region and then in temperate region]. The evolution of modern man was as follows: Monkey (>1.5 million year ago) Java man IHomo erectus (15 lakh years ago)— ---÷ Cro-Magnan Modern man / Homo sapiens sapiens (250 thousand years ago). 'Homo' meaning `continous' , 'erectus' meaning 'erect' and `sapeins' meaning 'learning habit' The ancestor of modern man , Homo sapiens first time appeared in Africa around 35 thousand years ago. The Homo sapiens different from fellow animals due to presence of large brain, small teeth and chin, intelligence and skill in making and use of tools. The genus Homo get knowledge of fire control around 500 thousand years ago. The living development of Homo sapiens is as follows: Intelligence/brain development making tools [First tools was boulders (rock/stone) and spears of wood tipped with blades of flint] 0. Hunting of animals cooked meat on fire started domestication of dog dog helped in hunting started gathering seeds, leaves and fruits from jungle. Important events in history of agriculture Years ago Event 70 million Earliest primates, prosimians developed in trees 40 million Evolution of monkey and apes A giant ape, Dryonithecus in Indian Siwaliks 20 million ;0 Oldest primate , Ramapithecus with man- like 15 million A Competitive book of Agriculture Evolution of Agriculture & related terms 3 traits in Africa and India 5 million Closet primate ancestor to man in Africa 3 million Oldest known tool designed in Africa 1.5 million First true man , Homo erectus emerged in Indonesia and Africa 1 million Homo erectus migrated through old world tropics 0.8 million Homo erectus populated temperate regions 0.5 million Homo erectus pekinensis learnt use and control of fire 0.4 million Man made shelters out of tree branches 90,000 > Neanderthal man emerged in Europe 32,000 > Cromagnon man , Homo sapiens sapiens emerged in Europe 22,000 Artists decorated walls and ceiling in France and Spain Earlier than D Hunting, gathering 10,000 B.C. 8700 B.C. D Domestication of sheep 7700 B.C. D Domestication of goat 7500 B.C. D Cultivation of crops (Wheat and barley 6000 B.C. D Domestication of cattle and pigs 4400 B.C. D Cultivation of maize 3500 B.C. D Cultivation of potato 3400 B.C. Wheel was invented 3000 B.C. D Bronze was used to make tools 2900 B.C. ' Plough was invented. Irrigated farming was started. 2700 B.C. Silk moth domestication in China. 2300 B.C. Cultivation of chick pea, pear, sarson and cotton -- 2200 B.C. Domestication of Fowl, buffalo and elephant 1800 B.C. Cultivation of finger millet (Ragi) Evoluiton of Agriculture & related terms 4 A Competitive book of Agriculture . 1725 B.C. Cultivation of sorghum 1700 B.C. :- Taming of horses , 1500 B.C. ).- Cultivation of sugarcane. Irrigation from wells. 1400 B.C. Y Use of Iron in Middle East 1000-600 > Second , Aryan -migration wave, age of iron, B.C. iron -plough share and axe invented, crop cultivation in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar 543-491 - Reference to farming operations in Kullavagga B.C. and Mahavagga and Budhist literature in Pali 500 A.D. '.-- Classification of plants and animals in Brahat Samhita of Varahamihira _ Persian wheel used Araghatta (India) _ 760-800 )-- A.D. 900-1000 4- Construction of anicuts and tanks, Krishi A.D. Parashara and Vrikshayurveda, manuals on agricultureand botany written, A text book on Agriculture prepared by Kashyapa by the name Krishi Sukti 15 Century r Cultivation of sweet orange, sour orange, wild A.D. brinjal. Pomegranate 16 Century - - Introduction Of Several Crops Into India By A.D. Portuguese. They Are Potato, Sweet Potato, Arrow Root, Cassava, Tomato, Chillies, Pumpkin, Papya, Pineapple , Guava, Custardapple, Groundnut, Cashewnut, Tobacco, American cotton, rubber 1550 A.D. Y Portugese introduced grafting technique in horticulture 1795 A.D. Y Flora India, published , Lieutenant William Frazer started study farm at PUSA (Bihar) to breed horses A Competitive book of Agriculture Evolution of Agriculture 1k related terms 5 G.L. Blane constructed Western Jainuila Lanai 1820 A.D. Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture published 1824 A.D. Y Famine in Bengal and Orissa (15 lakh people 1865 A.D. died) 1868-69 Severe famine A.D. Department of Revenue. Agriculture and 1871 > Commerce (DRAC) 1874 A.D. )> Severe famine in Bihar 1875 A.D. )> Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) at Pune (Maharastra) 1876 A.D. Famine in Madras and Bombay presidencies 1877 A.D. > Famine in Punjab, Central province (101ac died 1878 Higher Education in agriculture at Coimbatore. 1880 > Famine commission appointed. 1881 A.D. > Government of India started Department o Revenue and Agriculture in provinces 1882 A.D. Veterinary college established at Lahore (now in Pakistan) 1890 A.D. Higher Education in agriculture at Pune. 1891 A.D. )• Dr J A Volcker's report on improvement o Indian Agriculture 1892 A.D. Agriculture chemist and an assistant chemist were appointed to look after research and teaching 1899-1900 i. Famine (Chhapaniya Kal) 1900 A.D. Forest research Institute 1901-1905 Agricultural Colleges were established at Pune, Kanpur, Sabour, Nagpur, Lyallapur and Coimbatore 1901 A.D. ,-- First Immigration commission. Evolution of Agriculture & related terms 6 A Competitive book of Agriculture Model Village by Daniel Hamilton —1903 A.D. Y An Entomologist were appointed 1905 A.D. Established the Imperial (now known as Indian) Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa, (Bihar) shifted to new Delhi in 1936. 1906 A.D. )-• Started Agriculture Journal India 1908 A.D. Y Tagore started Youth organization in the village in the Kaligram Pargana 1919 A.D. D Constitutional Reforms made Agriculture as a state subject 1920 A.D. GURGAON Project by F L Bryne 1921 A.D. SHRINIKETAN Project by R.N.Tagore 1921 A.D. )=. MARTHANDAM Project by Spencer Hatch 1921 A.D. ).- SEVAGRAM Project by Mahatma Gandhi. Adarsh Seva Sangh , Pohri (Gwalior) by Col. Shitole 1921 A.D. fr- Indian central cotton committee. 1926 A.D. 'fr. Appointment of Royal Commission Agriculture headed by Lord Linlithgow 1929 A.D. fr- Establishment of Imperial (now Indian) Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) ,New Delhi 1930 A.D. fr, SEVAGRAM Project by Mahatma Gandhi 1931 A.D. )%--- Indian Central Lac Committee 1932 A.D. fr- Rural reconstruction movement by V.T. Krishnamachari in Barod 1935 A.D. -.- Rural Development Programme 1936 A.D.